How ordinary people get duped into becoming "money mules"
It was all part of a scam that targeted companies, schools and nonprofits in Connecticut and elsewhere in the U.S., and it resulted this month in a 45-month prison sentence for one of the culprits. The case is part of a seemingly endless cycle of money-laundering schemes that law enforcement officials are scrambling to slow through a combination of prosecution and public awareness.
Beyond the run-of-the-mill plots, officials said, is a particularly concerning trend involving "money mules" -- people who, unwittingly or not, use their own bank accounts to move money for criminals for purposes the people think are legitimate or even noble.
The "mule" concept has attracted renewed attention with this month's release of Clint Eastwood's "The Mule," a real-life tale of an elderly horticulturist who smuggled cocaine for a Mexican cartel. But the modern-day mules of most concern to the FBI are people who get themselves entangled in complicated, international money-laundering schemes that cause huge economic losses and show no signs of stopping.
"They trial and error this stuff, and they see what works and they see what doesn't," FBI supervisory special agent James Abbott said in an interview. "It's a much higher success rate when you have a lot of money using somebody else's account going through there instead of trying to cross the border with a physical transportation of cash."
The FBI and international law enforcement agencies have stepped up efforts against the fraud, saying they're building bigger cases than before. Europol said this month it had identified 1,504 money mules and arrested 168 in a continent-wide bust. The FBI in June announced the arrests of 74 people, including 29 in Nigeria, for schemes targeting businesses and the elderly, and it has launched a publicity campaign called "Don't Be a Mule."
Instructions from bogus company executives
The money mule cases are an offshoot of more generic frauds the FBI encounters, including schemes that dupe people into thinking they've won the lottery and can claim their prizes by wiring an advance payment, or that trick the unsuspecting into believing a relative has been arrested and needs urgent bail money or that a supposed paramour they've met online requires cash. In cases like the Connecticut one, fraudsters assume identities of executives and scam employees into wiring cash.
That's what happened in 2016 at Beacon Systems, a Texas company where a new employee received emails from someone she thought was the chief executive officer instructing her to transfer nearly $100,000 for a vendor-related payment.
Several weeks later, Kerry Williams, the CEO whose identity was impersonated, was on her way to the airport when the FBI contacted her and explained how the company had been victimized as part of a much broader swindle. A dual Nigerian-U.S. citizen was ultimately sentenced to four years in prison in connection with the scheme.
"It makes you kind of paranoid," Williams said, describing how the experience also made the SAP consulting firm more vigilant. "Even to this day, we're overly cautious about everything. I think you kind of go to that extreme."
As for money mules, they're persuaded -- sometimes with the incentive of keeping a cut of the funds -- into allowing money transfers into their own bank accounts at the direction of a fraudster they may mistake for an online friend or romantic partner, a military officer overseas or an employer. They're then instructed to transfer those funds elsewhere, into accounts controlled by criminals.
Moving a fraudster's money
In one example, the FBI said, a fraudster posing as an Army captain stationed overseas recruited a man he met online to be a money mule. The fraudster said he was making arrangements to travel home and needed the man's help receiving and sending some funds. The FBI said $10,000 was wired into the man's account. He was then instructed to withdraw it in small increments and send it to a woman in Texas.
The mules are sometimes witting conspirators. Other times, they're elderly, lonely or just confused. Those the FBI concludes are merely unwitting are given stern warnings but generally avoid prosecution.
"When we approach them and talk to them and explain to them what they've been doing, a lot of times, the horror is there, said Steven D'Antuono, an FBI section chief specializing in financial crimes. "It's all walks of life, all educational levels. Anyone can fall victim to this."
In the Connecticut case, the executive recounted those horrors in a letter to the judge before the sentencing of one of the defendants earlier this year.
The executive, whose name and company are redacted in the letter, described feeling initially apprehensive about the money transfer instructions and advising the company owner that it was a "lot of money for supplies."
That night, he described the interactions to his wife, who asked if he was really certain the emails were legitimate. He suddenly wasn't so sure, realizing for the first time he may have been duped.
"Because of crimes like these," he wrote, "our society is losing much of the trust and openness that we once experienced."
