Who Knew? Americans Actually Agree on How to Fix the Deficit
[Updated on June 14th]
Whatever else the Republican debate proved last night, it seemed to underscore how far apart the Democrats and Republicans are on the most frustrating and confusing political issue of this new campaign: the budget deficit. Everyone knows what voters don't want. Republicans know that supporting any tax hike is a political death sentence, one their Tea Party wing would be only too happy to administer. Instead, the Republicans are betting the whole fiscal game (not to mention the credit of the U.S. Treasury) on spending cuts alone. Democrats, in turn, know their voters won't stand for spending cuts in sacred cows like Social Security, and they make no mention of any such cuts in Obama's 2012 budget proposal, even though no serious budget balancing proposal can do without them.
As for what voters do want, the polls offer only magical thinking. Cut the deficit, but don't touch any of the popular programs that account for 85% of the budget, and don't raise taxes. Stop the bipartisan bickering, but don't compromise. The people have spoken on fiscal policy, but what they say is incoherent.
Or maybe we aren't giving them enough credit.
That would be one hopeful interpretation of an intriguing study released earlier this year by the Program for Public Consultation at the University of Maryland. The problem with most opinion surveys on fiscal policy is that they ask respondents to opine on spending or tax options in isolation. (Do you want to cut Social Security? Do you want to raise taxes? Why be surprised when respondents say no?) The Maryland survey instead presented 2,000 voters a complete sample budget for the year 2015-necessarily simplified but accurately represented, with the help of the National Commission-and asked them to make their own tradeoffs and create their own federal budget. (If you like, you can balance the federal budget yourself using the Maryland questionnaire.)
The results defied the cynical conventional wisdom. Democrats cut spending. Republicans and Tea Party sympathizers raised taxes. People who lived in blue Congressional districts and those who lived in red ones reached remarkably similar solutions on what spending to cut and what taxes to raise, and by how much. Said the study's researchers: "It is striking that no group-Republican, Democrat, or independents-acted on average in ways that fit their respective media stereotypes."
Among the most notable results of the exercise:
On average, respondents cut spending and raised taxes, regardless of party affiliation.
Overall, the voters in the study cut the hypothetical 2015 budget deficit by 70%, with one third of the reduction ($145 billion) coming from spending cuts and two thirds ($291 billion) from revenue hikes. According to stereotype, Democrats should have cut spending the least and Republicans the most, with independents somewhere in between. But that's not how it played out.- Republicans actually cut spending the least ($100 billion)
- Democrats cut spending far more than Republicans ($157 billion)
- Independents cut more than either ($195 billion)
- On average, residents of blue districts cut spending more than residents of red districts ($153 billion to $141 billion).
There was broad agreement on what programs to cut, what to increase and what to hold constant.
Presented with 31 categories in the discretionary budget, members of both parties and independents agreed on how to handle 22.- All agreed, for example, to cut funding for defense, the State Department and the highway system
- All agreed to increase job training, education and foreign humanitarian assistance.
- Spending decisions split along party lines on categories that included homeland security (only Republicans favored an increase) and mass transit (only Republicans wanted a reduction).
People favored raising taxes on the rich
Most polls find that Americans prefer to shrink the deficit by cutting spending rather than raising taxes. When actually presented with realistic budget choices, however, participants in the study (even Republicans) were willing to raise taxes. More than 90% of respondents included tax hikes in their budget plans, mostly in the form of higher effective tax rates on households with incomes over $100,000. Once again, the breakdown defied expectations.- While Democrats were most inclined to raise individual income taxes (on average they'd raise $178 bilion), Republicans and strong Tea Party sympathizers were also willing to lift income taxes significantly ($125 billion and $105 billion, respectively).
- While respondents tended to most support raising income taxes on people in higher tax brackets than their own, they were surprisingly willing to accept an increase in their own bracket as well.
- Increasing payroll taxes on high wage earners was the most popular tactic for closing the Social Security funding gap
Of course, it is still the largely uninformed voters that lawmakers have to answer to on election day. Still, it's hard not to feel somewhat cheered by the results of this study. Congress may be a polarized place on fiscal policy. But America, given the right information, doesn't have to be.
[A version of this post first appeared on The Fiscal Times]