South Sudan becoming nation amid fragile peace
JUBA, Sudan - The people of South Sudan finally get their own country on Saturday, an emotional independence celebration few thought possible during a half century of civil wars and oppression that left more than 2 million dead.
Military parades and celebrations will burst forth Saturday in front of dozens of visiting world leaders. But when that party ends, South Sudan must face grim realities: It will be one of the most underdeveloped countries on the planet, only 15 percent of its citizens can read and fears of renewed conflict abound.
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South Sudan's successful independence drive was made possible by a 2005 peace deal between Sudan's north and south. Last January, former guerrilla fighters shed tears as they cast votes to break away from the control of the Khartoum-based north.
Among those who cast ballots at special U.S. polling stations were some of the 3,800 war orphans known as the Lost Boys of Sudan, who ran away from war and were taken in by communities in the United States.
Despite the progress made in the region since 2005, a new U.N. peacekeeping mission for South Sudan will have up to 7,000 military personnel and 900 international police with a mandate to keep peace and help promote development in the world's newest nation, according to the draft U.N. resolution obtained late Thursday by The Associated Press.
The council scheduled a meeting Friday morning where diplomats said the draft resolution is almost certain to be approved unanimously.
The draft resolution would establish a new United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan on July 9 for an initial period of one year, with security forces as well as civilian staff including human rights experts. It calls for reviews after three months and six months to determine if conditions on the ground would allow the military contingent to be reduced from 7,000 to 6,000 troops.
In the southern capital of Juba this week, the Republic of South Sudan's new national anthem blared from cell phones.
"It took a combination of bullets and ballots to attain our hard-earned independence," reads a new sign next to a main intersection here.
Albino Gaw, a member of a minority tribe who works for the government in Juba, said he's excited about the south's independence. The 30-year-old former child soldier said he's pessimistic though about how much work lies ahead.
"The day will be good but people are expecting something more than we've gotten in the past five years," he said. "A lot of work needs to be done by the government. Otherwise things will be like they were before."
The world's newest capital, the Nile River city of Juba, was war-ravaged ruins six years ago, when the 1983-2005 north-south civil war ended. It was the second war between the mostly Arab north and the south, where traditional African religions and Christianity are practiced.
Now the presidential motorcade is practicing its run through the city for Saturday afternoon, when world leaders will watch South Sudan President Salva Kiir host the country's inauguration.
U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon will attend, as will former U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Susan Rice and Gen. Carter Ham, commander of the U.S. Africa Command. Sudan President Omar al-Bashir, a deeply unpopular man in Juba, is also expected to attend.
Despite the excitement, South Sudan is saddled with problems. Violence — from cattle raids and rebel battles — has killed nearly 2,400 people this year, the U.N. says. Seven different rebel militias operate in the south.
More ominously, troops from north and south Sudan are facing off in the contested region of Abyei. Fighting between the north and forces loyal to the south is raging in Southern Kordofan, a state that lies in the north.
A major undercurrent is the fight for the oil that lies near the north-south border — oil that South Sudan gains and Khartoum loses, though for now the south's crude can reach the world market only by moving through the north's pipelines.
Despite the south's oil wealth, the Texas-sized region has only about 30 miles of paved road. In an advisory sent out this week for the independence celebration, the government reminded incoming guests that Juba doesn't have any credit card processing machines.
Lise Grande, who leads the U.N.'s humanitarian operations in South Sudan, says the region is "one of the most underdeveloped on the planet." Only 15 percent of the population can read. Most live on a $1 a day. Education and health facilities are sorely underdeveloped.
"You don't get the kind of statistics you have in Southern Sudan if you're not dealing with years of marginalization," Grande said. "It is their legacy. It is the price that these people have paid. Someone who could be my daughter has a higher chance of dying in childbirth than finishing school. That says everything you need to know about Southern Sudan."Still, Zach Vertin of the Brussels-based International Crisis Group says there is reason to be "cautiously optimistic" about the years ahead for the 6-year-old government.
It had just two employees when it started — the president and vice president — but now runs 32 ministries, 17 commissions and 10 state-level governments.
The young government faces the massive challenges of reforming its bloated and often predatory army, diversifying its solely oil-based economy, and deciding how political power will be distributed among the dozens of ethnic and military factions.
The government must also begin delivering basic services like education, health services, and water and electricity to its more than 8 million citizens.
Isaac Boyd with the American aid group Catholic Relief Services says that it will take decades for the new country to construct a road network that connects remote communities and allows them to participate in a market economy.
"Only a handful of secondary schools throughout the country serve a population where 51 percent is under the age of 18," Boyd said. "Aid agencies will do what they can but the long-term solution rests with the people of Southern Sudan."
Grande said the problems South Sudan faces are "bigger and harder than what any other country in Africa faced" when most nations on the continent gained independence from the colonial powers in the 1960s.
On top of that, the prospect for a return to all-out war between north and south seems higher than it's ever been since the signing of the 2005 peace deal.
More than 100,000 people were displaced in May after the northern army seized the disputed border area of Abyei, and activists fear an ethnic cleansing of the black African Nuba people is under way in Southern Kordofan.
The hostilities dashed hopes that the two governments could reach a "divorce deal" over unresolved north-south issues related to the peace deal before Saturday, including oil-sharing arrangements and the final demarcation of the border.
A draft constitution was passed this week that lays the groundwork for the president and legislature, who were elected in April 2010, to serve out their five-year terms. The legislature's few opposition legislators are unhappy with the draft, but it now serves as an interim constitution until the first multiparty elections are held.
In a sign of the internal political discord South Sudan faces, security forces arrested an opposition leader in Parliament and several others Thursday after they held a news conference in which they voiced opposition to the new draft constitution, said Lam Akol, chairman of the SPLM-Democratic Change party.
On Saturday at least, politics will be on the backburner. During times of celebration in the south — at weddings or on Martyr's Day — gunshots ring out, symbolic of the history of violence and the fact many civilians own weapons.
The south's information minister is predicting a less violent entry into statehood.
As the clock reaches midnight and the calendar turns to July 9 early Saturday, he said, the only thing to be heard will be "church bells ringing, the beating of drums and women ululating."