CBS NEWS Coverage of Breaking Space News Posted: 8:51 PM, 11/17/09 By William Harwood CBS News Space Consultant Editor's Note... CBS News space exploration status reports also are available via email. SIGN UP NOW! Changes and additions: 11/06/09 (11:45 AM): NASA monitors space debris close approach to International Space Station (UPDATED) 11/06/09 (06:20 PM): Trajectory analysis shows space debris no threat to space station; plans for Soyuz sheltering shelved (UPDATED) 11/12/09 (12:15 PM): Russian Poisk module docks with space station 11/12/09 (04:00 PM): Engineers set for attempt to free stuck Mars rover 11/13/09 (07:40 PM): LCROSS impact kicks up water ice on moon 11/17/09 (04:30 PM): China, United States agree to explore cooperation in space (UPDATED) 04:30 PM, 11/17/09, Update: China, United States agree to explore cooperation in space (UPDATED at 8:50 p.m. with NASA response) The United States and China have agreed to discuss expanded cooperation in space science and to start a "dialogue" on human space flight and exploration, according to a joint statement release]d in Beijing Tuesday. The U.S.-China Joint Statement said both nations looked forward to reciprocal visits by the NASA administrator and appropriate Chinese space leaders in 2010. "The United States and China look forward to expanding discussions on space science cooperation and starting a dialogue on human space flight and space exploration, based on the principles of transparency, reciprocity and mutual benefit," the joint statement said. "Both sides welcome reciprocal visits of the NASA administrator and the appropriate Chinese counterpart in 2010." John Logsdon, a space policy analyst at George Washington University, said expanded cooperation makes sense, but only if both sides are open with each other and share the technical data necessary to ensure safe operations. "I think it's great," he said in a telephone interview. "It opens the door to see whether, in fact, there's a basis for cooperation. I think the operative word in there is 'transparency.' If China is willing to provide the information we need to work with them and vice versa - they were the ones who have been somewhat reticent to do that - I think it makes total sense." The future direction of the U.S. manned space program is unclear as NASA waits for the Obama administration to make a decision on how the agency should proceed after the space shuttle is retired next year. The Bush administration directed NASA to finish the space station and retire the shuttle by the end of 2010 and to develop a new family of safer, less expensive rockets to service the International Space Station and to help launch manned moon missions by the early 2020s. NASA developed the Constellation program and the Ares family of manned and unmanned rockets to meet that challenge, but the agency has not been given the funding needed to carry out the program under the original schedule. An independent review of manned space options was carried out this summer at the request of the Obama administration. The panel concluded NASA would need an additional $6 billion a year to fund the Constellation program and extend the International Space Station program through 2020. The panel presented four other options as well, including one to encourage private industry to take over launching astronauts to low-Earth orbit while NASA focuses on long-term deep space exploration. The Obama administration has not yet indicated a favored option. In the meantime, NASA is proceeding with plans to finish the space station and retire the shuttle next year. No matter what happens, it appears the United States will not have a shuttle replacement ready to fly for at least five to seven years. In the interim, NASA plans to pay the Russians to launch U.S. astronauts to the space station aboard Soyuz capsules at $50 million a seat. The International Space Station is operated as a cooperative venture between the United States, Russia, the European Space Agency, Canada and Japan. Complex inter-agency agreements govern the lab's operation, the nationalities of the international crews and how data is exchanged. The Chinese have launched three manned space missions since 2003, boosting one, two and three crewmen into orbit respectively and staging a spacewalk during the most recent flight in 2008. Responding to a query from CBS News, a NASA spokesman said "adding any international partner to the International Space Station program would require a formal decision by the U.S. government and consultation and agreement among the governments of all of the International Space Station partners. To date, discussions of any type of human space flight cooperation with China has been outside the scope of our bilateral discussions." Questions about how China might participate in the space station program "need to be discussed, especially since it seems we are going to be operating the station for the next decade," Logsdon said. "If the terms and conditions can be mutually agreed to, I think it would be a great thing." As for whether U.S. astronauts might one day ride Chinese rockets and vice versa, Logsdon said "20 years ago, launching U.S. astronauts on Russian rockets was inconceivable. But we're doing it, and it's soon going to be the only way to get to station." "The more systems we have to carry people into space, the better off I think the world is," he said. Speaking to reporters in Japan, NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, a former shuttle commander, said cooperation on the high frontier could pay dividends for both countries. "I am perfectly willing, if that's the direction that comes to me, to engage the Chinese in trying to make them a partner in any space endeavor," Bolden said, according to AFP. "I think they're a very capable nation. "They have demonstrated their capability to do something that only two other nations that have done, that is, to put humans in space. And I think that is an achievement you cannot ignore." He said China is a nation "that is trying to really lead" and that if the two space powers cooperate, "we would probably be better off than if we would not." B>07:40 PM, 11/13/09, Update: LCROSS impact kicks up water ice on moon Making a bigger splash than expected, the crash of an empty rocket stage in a permanently shadowed crater near the moon's south pole last month kicked up a surprising amount of water ice and vapor, confirming the presence of a potentially valuable resource for future space travelers. "I'm here today to tell you that indeed, yes, we found water," said Anthony Colaprete, the project scientist and principal investigator for the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite. "And we didn't find just a little bit, we found a significant amount." Holding up water jugs to make the point, he said "if you remember, a month ago we were talkingÊabout teaspoons going into glasses over football fields. Well, now I can say today that in the 20- to 30-meter (65- to 100-foot-wide) crater LCROSS made, we found maybe about a dozen of these two-gallon buckets worth of water." And more than water. Data from the LCROSS instruments show signs of other compounds that may shed light on the moon's evolution. "It's a whole lot more beyond the water," Colaprete said. "That's the exciting part in my mind, it's not only about the water now. There's actually a lot more here that we're going to be talking about in the months ahead, looking at the LCROSS data." Said Greg Delory, a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley: "This is not your father's moon. Rather than a dead and unchanging world, it could in fact be a very dynamic and interesting one that could tell us unique things about the Earth-moon system and the early solar system." Michael Wargo, chief lunar scientist at NASA headquarters in Washington, said the discovery holds promise for future exploration. Using solar energy, future astronauts could, in theory, break down recovered ice and in effect live off the land. "Water can be used for the kind of things we think about every day, drinking water if we have extended crews on the surface," he said. "You can break it down and have breathable air for crews to breathe. But also, if you have significant quantities of this stuff, water really is the constituents of one of the most potent rocket fuels: oxygen and hydrogen." Whether the water ice detected by LCROSS might be accessible to future astronauts remains to be seen. But scientists were elated with the initial findings. The $79 million LCROSS mission was launched June 18 as a companion payload to NASA's $504 million Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft. Working in a 31-mile-high orbit, LRO is designed to create a high-resolution map of the moon's surface to help identify sites for future manned missions. It also is measuring the solar and cosmic radiation that future lunar explorers will face and mapping out the surface topology, mineralogy and chemical composition of Earth's nearest neighbor. One year will be spent scouting future landing sites followed by three years of purely scientific observations. While LRO was launched directly to the moon by an Atlas 5 rocket, LCROSS and the booster's empty Centaur upper stage were sent into a looping four-month orbit back around the Earth. The spacecraft aimed itself and the attached Centaur stage back at the moon, targeting a permanently shadowed crater near the south pole. Data from previous spacecraft indicated the presence of hydrogen in the polar regions, possibly associated with water ice just below the surface. LCROSS mission managers initially selected a target crater known as Cabeus A, but after additional analysis of topographic data, the target was switched to nearby Cabeus, a crater measuring some 62 miles across and about two-and-a-half miles deep. LCROSS successfully separated from the Centaur stage the night before impact, rotated 180 degrees to aim its instruments forward and then followed its doomed companion to the surface, trailing it by about four minute. The Centaur is believed to have hit the moon within about 650 feet of the planned target, blasting out a crater 65 feet to 100 feet across. Colaprete showed photographs from LCROSS Friday that clearly showed the plume of debris kicked up by the crash. Another photo showed the crater itself. LCROSS flew through the ejecta cloud, collecting data all the while, before crashing a short distance away. The Centaur impact was not particularly impressive to the untrained eye - a pinpoint flash of light in the inky darkness of the crater's shadowed terrain - and many observers, expecting a more dramatic show as indicated in NASA animations, were disappointed. But Colaprete said Friday the impact more than lived up to scientific expectations. Spectroscopic data from two instruments aboard LCROSS clearly showed the presence of water ice, along with a variety of other materials, in the ejecta plume. "We can constrain right now how much water we think is in the field of view of our instrument," he said. "Based on these measurements, there is more than 100 kilograms in the field of view of our instrument. What does that mean, a hundred kilograms? That's the dozen or so two-gallon buckets I described. "But what we need to do next is take all the information, the amount of ejecta, the size of the crater, how this all changed over time and actually reconstruct the entire event, understand how it all fits back into the ground along with all the other things we've seen in the ejecta plume to really understand this whole thing." Delory said more analysis will be needed to figure out where the water ice originated. "One possible source of the water is from comets," he said. "If that's true, and the lunar polar regions really are repositories for this material, they are a literal treasure trove of information in terms of the composition of comets, which are themselves indicative of early solar system conditions. That would be of extreme interest to many planetary scientists." Another possibility, he said, is that the water ice is the result of chemical reactions that start with the solar wind, "which is basically an ionized gas streaming from the sun composed mainly of hydrogen." "It impacts the lunar surface, undergoes chemistry, eventually these molecules hop around the moon and end up concentrated around the poles," he said. "Studying those deposits would tell us something about solar history, also about the history of chemical reactions occurring on the surface of the moon. Two completely different theories, we don't know which one is right yet." Other sources are also possible, he said, including deposits from molecular clouds the solar system may have passed through earlier in its evolution as well as subtle chemical processes on the moon itself. 04:00 PM, 11/12/09, Update: Engineers set for attempt to free stuck Mars rover After months of tests and analysis, engineers plan to beam commands to NASA's Spirit Mars rover Monday, kicking off a long-awaited attempt to free the hardy craft from the talcum powder-like soil of a hidden crater that trapped it last April. "Spirit's facing the most challenging situation it's seen yet on the surface of Mars," said Doug McCuistion, director of NASA's Mars exploration program. "We know a lot of people around the world ... view Spirit with great affection, exploring the red planet along with it, experiencing the excitement, seeing new and exciting vistas, seeing new landscapes, uncovering some incredible new knowledge about our sister planet. "I'd like everybody to be hopeful, but I'd also like them to be realistic," he said. "If Spirit cannot make the great escape from this sand trap, it's likely that this lonely spot, straddling the edge of this crater, might be where Spirit ends its adventures on Mars." The view from the Spirit rover, stuck in the martian soil, facing north. A hidden crater lies to the left. (Photo: NASA) Designed to operate for just three months on the frigid surface of Mars, Spirit and its twin rover, Opportunity, have been exploring opposite sites of the red planet since early 2004, collecting data in concert with orbiting spacecraft to help scientists understand the role of water in the martian environment. Chalking up a steady stream of discoveries over the past five years, the unexpectedly long-lived rovers are held in high esteem by the scientists and engineers who drive them across the surface of Mars and eagerly await the data they send back. "In many ways, we think of these rovers kind of as our children that we've sent off into the world way too early," said Ashley Stroupe, a rover driver at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. "And like most parents when their kids go off to college, we can't reach out to help them every time they really need us. So it really is a bond, not just between us and the rover but also the team has become a very close family as well." Last April 23, the six-wheeled Spirit was slowly rolling backwards on the western side of a feature known as "Home Plate," heading toward the south and a pair of volcanic structures that scientists wanted to examine. The rover was driving backward because its right front wheel stopped working in 2006. The ground to the south of Spirit looked normal, but as it creeped along, its wheels broke through an upper crust-like layer of soil and into a softer, unseen material. "Essentially, the rover was driving on what we call a dirt crust," said John Callas, the project manager of the Mars exploration rovers at JPL. "It was a hard surface that we broke through and underneath this material, camouflaged underneath, was this loose, fine material where the rover is challenged right now." Scientists later determined that Spirit's path was straddling the rim of an ancient, 26-foot-wide crater just beneath the surface. The crater was filled in with sulfate sands that formed layers with different compositions. Initial attempts to drive out in a crab-like fashion by turning the front and back wheels in the same direction only made matters worse. Pictures from navigation cameras on the rover show its forward and rear wheels almost buried in the soil, their treads caked with a powdery coating that reduces traction. Even worse, photographs show a pyramid-shaped rock sticking up from the soil directly below Spirit's body that threatens to rub against the belly, possibly lodging in an indentation. If the rock ends up bearing any of the weight of the rover, traction could be reduced even more. A protruding rock below the Spirit rover could cause problems. (Photo: NASA) NASA managers decided to halt any additional attempts to free Spirit until engineers could complete a thorough analysis using a full-scale mockup and simulated martian soil. "Unfortunately, Spirit may have met its match in this one," McCuistion said. "We will see if we can get it out of this talcum powder-type soil that laid beneath a seemingly innocuous surface crust that we broke through. "The rover teams have been working very hard since April, they've been testing, strategizing, analyzing and modeling to figure a way out. We even called experts in soil mechanics and mechanical systems in to try to help us understand the environment. But there's only so much you can do on Earth to simulate Mars." Late Monday, commands will be uplinked to Spirit in an attempt to drive north, back along the furrows its wheels dug as the rover moved into the sand trap last April. Engineers will find out how the move went on Tuesday. No one expects a quick extraction and engineers said it likely will take weeks or months to either free the rover or determine it can't be done. "Our best plan at this point is to try to drive forward, retracing our steps as we drove in," said Stroupe. "And we believe this is our best plan for several reasons. One is that we believe this softer material may be easier to plow through than trying to break through the crust and cut new tracks. So if we follow our old tracks out, we may be able to make better progress. "We have very little ground clearance under the vehicle, wheel turns cause us to sink further into this material and there is no guarantee that any plan we come up with will succeed in extricating the vehicle," she said. "This is going to clearly be a very long process to either get to extrication or perhaps even to determine if extraction is going to work." The team's progress will be assessed in February. Depending on the success or failure of the work at that point, NASA could opt to continue with additional attempts or decide to call it off. Even in that worst-case scenario, scientists could still use Spirit's instruments to study nearby rocks and soil and to monitor the martian weather. But Stroupe hopes it won't come to that. "I think a lot of us, while we're waiting for that plan to execute (Monday), will not get a lot of sleep," she said. "But regardless of the outcome, none of us can have anything but primarily positive emotions about this mission. It's been such an incredible experience, we've come so far beyond what we thought we would accomplish. "So even at someday when these rovers come to an end, perhaps the best word was used earlier, which is 'bittersweet.' We're so proud of them and we're so thrilled to have been part of this project. It will be sad to see them go. But we're not ready to let go yet and we don't plan to let go yet. We still have a lot of work to do." 12:15 PM, 11/12/09, Update: Russian Poisk module docks with space station A new Russian module successfully docked with the International Space Station today, a needed addition that will give the lab complex a fourth docking port for Soyuz crew capsules and Progress supply ships. The 8-ton Poisk mini research module, launched Tuesday from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, carried out an automated approach to the zenith, or upward-facing port of the Russian Zvezda command module, docking at 10:41 a.m. as the two spacecraft sailed 222 miles above northern Kazakhstan. Hooks and latches then retracted as planned to firmly lock the new module in place. The Poisk module approaching the International Space Station. (Photo: NASA TV) The view of the space station from Poisk during the new module's final approach. (Photo: NASA TV) Loaded with 1,800 pounds of supplies, Poisk - "explore" in Russian - will be used as a docking port, airlock and experiment platform. A similar module, scheduled for launch next year aboard the shuttle Atlantis, will be docked to the downward-facing port of the Russian Zarya module. To support a full-time crew of six, two three-seat Soyuz capsules must be docked at all times to serve as lifeboats. Additional ports are needed for unmanned supply ships. With the arrival of Poisk, four docking ports are now available on the Russian segment of the space station: one on the Earth-facing port of the Zarya module; one on the Earth-facing Pirs module attached to Zvezda; one on the aft end of Zvezda; and now Poisk on the command module's zenith port. A drawing of the Russian segment of the space station showing its four docking ports. (Graphic: NASA) A spacewalk is planned Jan. 14 to add rendezvous equipment to the Poisk module. If all goes well, the Soyuz TMA-16 spacecraft currently docked to the aft port of Zvezda will be moved to Poisk on Jan. 20. The Soyuz TMA-15 capsule currently docked to Zarya's nadir port is scheduled to depart Dec. 1 to carry European Space Agency commander Frank De Winne, cosmonaut Roman Romanenko and Canadian astronaut Robert Thirsk back to Earth. Soyuz TMA-17, scheduled for launch Dec. 21, will dock at Zarya on Dec. 23, bringing three fresh crew members to the station: cosmonaut Oleg Kotov, NASA astronaut Timothy Creamer and Japanese astronaut Soichi Noguchi. An unmanned Progress supply ship currently is docked to the Pirs module. In 2011, the Russians plan to discard Pirs and replace it with a much larger multi-purpose laboratory module, or MLM, that was built in part from spare components left over from the assembly of the Zarya module. 6:20 PM, 11/6/09, Update: Trajectory analysis shows space debris no threat to space station; plans for Soyuz sheltering shelved (UPDATED at 10:10 p.m. with crew comments) Analysis of the trajectory of a piece of space junk that was believed to pose a possible threat to the International Space Station showed the debris would not pass close enough to the lab complex to force the crew to seek refuge in their Soyuz lifeboats, flight controllers concluded late Friday. The station's six-member crew was awakened early, at 10 p.m. EST as planned, but the astronauts were told to go back to bed and not to press ahead with a tentative plan to shelter in place aboard the station's Soyuz ferry craft. "Good news," mission control radioed. "Tracking data has come through and shown that the conjunction's no longer a threat to station. We have no actions for you tonight, we'll let you get back to sleep. However, Houston and Moscow are standing by in case you have any questions." "OK, thank you very much," European Space Agency commander Frank De Winne replied. "I'll get around to all my crew members here and we can go back to sleep. Thanks a lot for working all this tonight, Houston." "Thank you, Frank. Good night." Earlier Friday, NASA flight controllers predicted the debris, of unknown origin, could pass within about six-tenths of a mile of the space station at 10:48 p.m., toward the end of the crew's normal sleep period. During the evening planning conference Friday afternoon, the astronauts were told to plan on getting up early so they could make their way to the Soyuz lifeboats by around 10:30 p.m. if necessary. But after the crew went to bed, additional analysis showed the unidentified debris would not pose a threat to the station. 11:45 AM, 11/6/09, Update: NASA monitors space debris, possible close approach to International Space Station (UPDATED at 2:45 p.m. with initial decision to put crew in Soyuz craft for debris encounter) (UPDATED at 5:40 p.m. with additional tracking; debris may not pose a threat to station crew) The six-member crew of the International Space Station was told to get a few hours sleep Friday while flight controllers continued to assess the trajectory of a piece of space debris that was expected to pass close by the lab complex at 10:48 p.m. EST. The crew was told to be prepared to take refuge aboard the lab's two three-seat Soyuz lifeboats if the analysis indicated a clear threat. But late Friday, flight controllers gave the crew a more upbeat report, saying "the news is getting better." "We've had two more sites that have tracked the object and they're indicating it is not a valid threat," Ricky Arnold told the crew from mission control in Houston shortly before 5:30 p.m. "Though due to the uncertainty, we'd like to take the opportunity to get more data in about an hour, we've got another pass that we'll get a look at it. We'd like to have you guys go to bed and we'll wake you a 0300 (GMT; 10 p.m. EST) as planned, even if it's just to tell you to go back to sleep. We don't know when the analysis is going to get in." "OK, that sounds good," replied station commander Frank De Winne, a European Space Agency astronaut. "So we'll wake up at 0300 and we'll get further words at that moment if we will proceed to our Soyuzes and closing the hatches, or if you want us to just go back to sleep." "That's a great plan and we thank you guys for the late night and all your hard work," Arnold said. "Hopefully we'll be waking you up here in a few hours with some good news." Earlier Friday, NASA flight controllers predicted the debris, of unknown origin, could pass within about six-tenths of a mile of the lab complex toward the end of the crew's normal sleep period. Because all objects in low-Earth orbit, including the space station, are moving at roughly five miles per second, close encounters, or "conjunctions," are carefully monitored and subjected to extensive analysis. During the evening planning conference Friday afternoon, the astronauts were told to plan on getting up early so they can make their way to the Soyuz lifeboats by around 10:30 p.m. "The ballistics are saying they are looking at conjunction with space debris," Russian mission control radioed. "As you know, this is something we are prepared for. In the past, we have performed avoidance maneuvers, but this time maneuvering away from the path of the debris is not an option. "Because we cannot perform avoidance maneuver, you will have to ingress Soyuz vehicles. Both Soyuz crews should be in their vehicles. This is what we have. We are going to work on the ballistics data to get greater precision, but right now we are in the red box. The probability of collision is non zero." NASA flight controllers told the astronauts the tracking data is uncertain and that engineers did not yet have confidence in the trajectory projections. Pending additional analysis later in the afternoon, the crew was told to play it safe and plan on boarding the Soyuz lifeboats after shutting internal hatches in the U.S. segment of the lab complex. The Soyuz sheltering plan called for cosmonaut Roman Romanenko, Canadian astronaut Robert Thirsk and De Winne would make their way to the Soyuz TMA-15 spacecraft docked to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya module. Cosmonaut Maxim Suraev and NASA astronauts Jeffrey Williams and Nicole Stott would seek safe haven in the Soyuz TMA-17 spacecraft docked to the aft port of the Zvezda command module. "Unfortunately, the particular object is not easy to track, it's not visible by all the different tracking stations every time, and so there's not a lot of confidence in the data on the exact location of this piece of debris," NASA spokesman Kelly Humphries said earlier Friday. Last March, the station's three-man crew - Mike Fincke, Yury Lonchakov and Sandra Magnus - faced a similar situation and briefly took refuge in the lab's single Soyuz lifeboat when another piece of debris from an old rocket motor made a close approach. There are more than 18,000 pieces of space junk in low-Earth orbit the size of a baseball and larger. U.S. Strategic Command prioritizes radar tracking to protect manned spacecraft first, followed by high-priority military and civilian payloads. NASA monitors an imaginary volume around the space station roughly the shape of a pizza box measuring 0.466 miles thick and 15.5 miles square. "Initially, we have a screening box, which is .75 kilometers radial miss, which would be up or down, by 25 kilometers in cross track, which would be left or right, by 25 kilometers down track, which is either in front or behind us," space station Flight Director Ron Spencer said in September. "Space Command will alert us of any debris objects out there that are going to get that close to us. Then they increase tasking on those objects to try to get a better solution and decrease the uncertainty. Then we calculate a probability of collision based on the data Space Command gives us." Spencer said NASA has two levels of concern. "We have two thresholds, yellow and red," he wrote in an email exchange. "The yellow is 1-in-100,000 and the red is 1-in-10,000. We will not take any action if it is below the yellow threshold. If it between the yellow and red, we will only take action if it is easy to do so without impacting the mission. For a red threshold violation we will take action in most cases." 02:50 PM, 10/30/09, Update: Quick-look analysis shows Ares I-X test rocket met or exceeded expectations; official says parachute anomaly, casing damage not significant An initial look at data from NASA's Ares I-X test flight Wednesday shows the towering rocket performed as well or better than computer modeling predicted during the climb out of the dense lower atmosphere, a senior NASA manager said Friday. One of three huge parachutes failed to inflate during the spent booster's descent to the Atlantic Ocean and a second chute only inflated halfway, resulting in a hard splash down that caused the rocket's case to buckle. But Mission Manager Bob Ess said the parachute system, flying for the first time, was designed for NASA's planned Ares 1 rocket, which is 15 percent lighter than the test version, and that engineers will have plenty of time to correct whatever went wrong. "No one is concerned about it," Ess said. "In fact, the parachute guys were ecstatic, was their words, (about) the information they got from this flight. They really wanted to test this out." The Ares I-X rocket was designed to match the characteristics of NASA's planned shuttle replacement, the more powerful Ares I. The test version featured a four-segment shuttle booster, a dummy fifth segment housing guidance and control equipment and an unpowered mockup of the rocket's upper stage and crew capsule. The 327-foot-tall test rocket was launched Wednesday from shuttle complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center. The major goals of the unmanned six-minute flight were to collect engineering data on how the tall, slender rocket flew through the lower atmosphere, how the structure responded to aerodynamic and acoustic forces and how the new parachute system, scaled for the planned Ares I, performed. During the initial seconds of flight, the rocket's nozzle moved 1 degree as planned to help the booster "walk off" the pad, preventing its hot exhaust plume from hitting the upper sections of the shuttle service gantry. As expected, the plume caused minor damage to the lower sections of the gantry, but Ess said that would not be a problem for the new service tower that will be used for Ares rockets. Six seconds after liftoff, the vehicle rose above the gantry and the rocket's roll control system fired to rotate the booster about its vertical axis, ensuring that antennas relaying telemetry would remain in line of sight with ground stations throughout the flight. The 5-degree-per-second roll maneuver went off with out a hitch and Ess said the rocket remained "very, very stable" after that. The booster experienced a maximum aerodynamic pressure of about 900 pounds per square foot just after it accelerated through the sound barrier. "The booster guys have been looking at all the data," Ess said. "Everything looked great. This was the oldest booster we've ever flown, it looked just like a shuttle flight. All the parameters were right in the middle, there were no dispersions, all the pressures, the oscillations were what we typically see for a shuttle flight." One major concern early in the development of the Ares system was a phenomenon known as thrust oscillation, which can cause unwanted vibrations toward the end of powered flight as the booster exhausts its load of solid propellant. Data from a few test firings early in the shuttle program indicated potentially excessive vibrations, but data from recent shuttle flights and ground firings, including one using a five-segment Ares I booster, show only minor disturbances. Based on a quick look at the Ares I-X data, "the oscillations look very small, similar to what we see for shuttle data or that one test firing we did," Ess said. "So we didn't see anything unusual. ... It was very benign, there was very little there. Again, we'll get the data back from the recorder, which is high speed data, and we'll verify that. But at this point, there's nothing to indicate thrust oscillation was even a factor." The first stage lofted Ares I-X to an altitude of about 24 miles and a velocity of 4.6 times the speed of sound in two minutes of powered flight. Explosive charges then fired, separating the spent first stage from the dummy second stage. An instant later, small upward-facing rockets fired to pull the first stage away. "We did a separation at 125,000 feet, about mach 4.6, and both of those were pretty much as predicted," Ess said. "We looked at the video, multipleÊvideo views, and we did not see any recontact between the upper stage and the first stage. "The rates of the vehicle at separation were supposed to be within 2 degrees per second in pitch and yaw and 3 degrees per second in roll. And indications we had are those were all within less than half a degree per second. So the flight control (system) kept the vehicle very, very stable, it wasn't rotating at all during the separation, so it was very solid." In what appeared to be a surprise at the time, the upper stage went into a slow, flat spin instead of continuing upward on a nose-forward trajectory. Ess said Friday engineers, in fact, expected that behavior and had seen it in scores of computer simulations. "Two days ago at the (post-flight) press conference I used the phrase "a little different," Ess said, describing the upper stage tumble. "We went back and looked at all the (computer simulations) we ran and we found thousands of them that matched what we saw. So my comments were incorrect when I said 'a little different.'" The upper stage was loaded with 30,000 pounds of ballast near the bottom to simulate a full load of liquid oxygen rocket propellant and another 30,000 pounds higher up to simulate liquid hydrogen fuel. "So the center of gravity is very far aft in this thing once it's by itself and the center of pressure is more towards the middle, so it's inherently unstable," Ess said. "With about 90 or so pounds per square foot of dynamic pressure (at that altitude) and an unstable vehicle, it's noÊwonder the simulations showed just what we saw, that when you separated there's nothing to control it. "As a reminder, for Ares I there's an attitude control system on it. So as soon as you separate, there are attitude control motors that will keep the upper stage where it needs to be and then the J2 engine will kick off as well and we'll have active control. So that is something that's very, very different between I-X and Ares I." After separation, small rockets at the base of the first stage fired to put the booster in a flat spin of its own to prevent a nose-down descent that might interfere with parachute deployment. Ess said a pilot chute deployed as planned, pulling out a larger drogue parachute to slow and stabilize the rocket. The three main parachutes then were pulled out, each one initially inflating to about 50 percent of their full 150-foot width as planned to ease the shock on the system. "The parachutes came out in the reefed position and they all inflated, all three of them," Ess said. "So that was good. Soon thereafter, one of the parachutes failed. It's tough to tell exactly from the video, we're hoping to look at the parachutes sometime over the weekend, or Monday or Tuesday. It appears the suspension lines themselves may have failed as opposed to the parachute material. "So we had two parachutes then in the reefed position, one was just kind of trailing, it wasn't open. Then as we went and disreefed to the fully open position, a second chute appeared to have some damage. It was still pretty much intact, but part of it, it seemed likeÊ the riser lines or suspension lines seemed to get fouled or cut, and so part of the parachute was not inflated. "So we had one good one, one completely failed one and then one was probably about halfway (inflated)," Ess said. "So that caused the booster to hit the water at a higher speed than expected, it was a pretty hard impact. We think because this one parachute was partially inflated, we got a little more horizontal velocity than nominal. ... What that caused was a hard impact and the vehicle slapped down pretty hard in the water. So that caused some damage on the booster." The impact apparently damaged the nozzle steering actuators and caused one of the booster's fuel segments to buckle. Ess said the damage was of no immediate consequence because NASA had no plans to reuse any of the hardware. As for the test, he said the parachutes were subjected to a heavier load than what is expected for the actual Ares I. "I-X empty is about 15 percent heavier than Ares I empty," he said. "That's because of the fifth segment simulator, our dummy simulator, is full of electronics and avionics. We also added a bunch of ballast in the back end of it to make it more stable. So this was an overtest of the Ares I chutes. Again, there's 15 percent more weight it had to carry than it would for Ares I. And so, therefore, there's a whole lot more load on the chutes." Because the parachutes are so large, NASA was unable to carry out any pre-flight drop tests with a full-scale cluster of three at the altitudes and dynamic pressures experienced during the launching. "It was a great flight," Ess said. "And the parachute thing isÊa very, very minor thing. We're not really dwelling on it, it's just something we'll go look at, we have a few years to go look more into it. That's a very minor aspect. People like to dwell on things that are not perfect." But overall, he said, "everything went really, really well. In fact, everything flew just right down the middle of the pipe. Everyone's still pretty ecstatic. It just showed we got our models right in all areas, the ascent part of it, the (guidance and control) part of it, the flexible body interaction, all the really hard stuff." The rocket was towed back to a processing facility at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Friday for a detailed inspection. Ess said the team hopes to remove the on-board data recorder next week. 3:40 PM, 10/29/09, Update: Ares I-X booster recovered; engineers assess dented casing (UPDATED at 8:15 p.m. with additional details) One of the three 150-foot-wide parachutes designed to gently lower NASA's Ares I-X first stage booster to the Atlantic Ocean after a dramatic six-minute test flight Wednesday deflated after deployment, officials said Thursday, resulting in a harder splashdown than expected. Photographs taken by the recovery crew show the four-segment shuttle booster floating upright in the Atlantic Ocean shortly after splashdown. An initial inspection, sources said, revealed the sort of paint blistering that is typically found on shuttle boosters, along with an area of apparent buckling in the lower segment. Left: An underwater view of a large dent in the lower segment of the Ares I-X booster. Right: The rocket seen floating upright after splashdown. The test of the new parachute system was one of several major objectives of the Ares I-X test flight, intended to generate data needed to perfect the design of NASA's planned shuttle replacement, the more-powerful Ares I rocket. While the I-X test version featured a less powerful first stage booster and a dummy upper stage, it weighed roughly the same as an Ares I. The full-scale parachute system used for its first flight test was designed to handle the heavier weight of the Ares 1 and its fall from a higher altitude. A NASA spokeswoman said late Thursday the test rocket's drogue parachute, used to slow and stabilize the vehicle before the main parachutes are released, deployed normally. All three main chutes then released and began inflating as planned in a two-step procedure. Two of the mains apparently inflated fully, but the third collapsed. A source said the deflated parachute contacted one of the others as it whipped about in the wind, causing a partial deflation. That could not be immediately confirmed, although a splashdown in that condition might explain the buckling seen in the lower segment of the rocket's case. Shuttle boosters, which are lowered to the ocean by two 130-foot-wide parachutes, can be damaged depending on the impact angle and sea state, engineers say. But it's not yet known what caused the problem with the Ares I-X booster. The 327-foot-tall Ares I-X was launched Wednesday from launch complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center. The major goals of the unmanned test flight were to collect engineering data on how the tall, slender rocket flew through the dense lower atmosphere, how the structure responded to aerodynamic and acoustic forces and how the new parachute system, scaled for the planned Ares I rocket, performed. The first stage boosted Ares I-X to an altitude of about 25 miles and a velocity of 4.5 times the speed of sound in two minutes of powered flight. Explosive charges then fired to separate the spent first stage from the dummy second stage and small upward-facing rockets fired to pull the first stage away. In a surprise, the upper stage went into a slow, flat spin instead of continuing upward on a nose-forward trajectory as expected. A moment after separation, another set of small rockets fired as planned to put the first stage into a similar spin to prevent a nose-down re-entry that might interfere with parachute deployment. The two stages appeared to come close to each other as they tumbled, but that could have been an illusion due to the viewing angle of a long-range tracking camera. The behavior of the first stage appeared normal during powered flight and after separation. A drogue parachute, used to slow and stabilize the rocket before main parachute deployment, could be seen in video from the rocket, but the on-board views cut off before the main chutes could be seen. Recovery crews expect to finish towing the big rocket back to a processing facility at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station early Friday. Engineers will be standing by to remove an on-board data recorder that is expected to provide a wealth of information about the rocket's performance. 12:10 PM, 10/28/09, Update: Ares I-X launched on spectacular test flight (UPDATED at 4 p.m. with news conference; additional details; parachute deploy) Running a day late, NASA launched its 33-story Ares I-X rocket on a $445 million unmanned test flight Wednesday, a spectacular six-minute sub-orbital mission to collect data needed for the design of NASA's proposed shuttle replacement. "Oh, man! Well, how impressive is that?" Program Manager Jeff Hanley told the launch team after the spent rocket fell back to the Atlantic Ocean. "I hope you appreciate that you've accomplished a great step forward for exploration." NASA's Ares I-X rocket blasts off on $445 million test flight. (Photo: Justin Ray/Spaceflight Now) Said Launch Director Ed Mango: "Think about what we just did. Our first flight test, and the only thing we're waiting on is weather. That says you all did frickin' fantastic! So thank you very much." The 327-foot-tall rocket roared to life at 11:30 a.m. EDT and majestically climbed away from launch complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center atop a torrent of 5,000-degree flame and a cloud of churning exhaust. Liftoff came three-and-a-half hours behind schedule because of overnight thunderstorms and nearby lightning strikes that required unplanned tests, along with cloudy weather that posed a risk of static charge buildups that could have interfered with communications. The weather went in and out of limits all morning, but a break in the cloud cover gave Mango the window he needed to come out of a hold at the T-minus four-minute mark and proceed on to launch. When the countdown hit zero, four massive hold-down bolts exploded, the booster's load of solid propellant ignited and the rocket began climbing away. An instant after booster ignition, the rocket's nozzle moved slightly to steer the Ares I-X away from the gantry, preventing the hot exhaust from hitting launch pad structures. The maneuver was apparent to the unaided eye and the rocket stayed well away from the gantry. Using a four-segment space shuttle solid-fuel booster as the first stage and a dummy upper stage simulator, the unusual-looking rocket - the tallest launcher since NASA's huge Saturn 5 moon rocket - cleared the gantry in about six seconds and then soared away to the East. It was the first launching in NASA's post-Columbia Constellation program, which calls for development of manned and unmanned Ares rockets, Orion crew capsules and landers designed to support Antarctica-style moon bases in the 2020s. But the Obama administration is re-evaluating NASA's manned space program and whether it makes sense to return to the moon while assessing a report from an independent panel of experts that concluded NASA did not have enough money to carry out the Constellation program. The panel suggested it would make more sense to abandon the Ares I rocket in favor of rockets and crew capsules provide by private industry on a commercial basis. Under that approach, NASA could focus on development of the heavy lift rockets needed to carry astronauts a variety of deep space targets. Given the political uncertainty in Washington, it's unclear if the Ares I rocket that Tuesday's test flight was designed to support will ever actually fly. But NASA managers and engineers were elated to get the huge test rocket off the ground and the towering booster lived up to expectations, putting on a spectacular show for space center workers, area residents and tourists. "Vindication really does not describe it well," Hanley said after the flight. "It's a sense of validation that the course that we had laid out is executable. An early demonstration like this puts aside any doubt in our minds, if we had them, as to the flyability of this particular design. "We have a design that will do the country service, if it is put into service," he said. "The performance of the vehicle was very pleasing, to put it mildly, and I think incredibly satisfying for the Ares project office team at Marshall Space Flight Center (in Huntsville, Ala.) that has put so much into that flight test vehicle." Added Constellation Program Manager Doug Cooke: "This is a huge step forward for NASA's exploration goals." "Ares I-X provides NASA with an enormous amount of data that will be used to improve the design and safety of the next generation of American spaceflight vehicles," he said in a statement. "Vehicles that could again take humans beyond low Earth orbit." Twenty seconds after liftoff, the rocket reached its maximum thrust of 3.16 million pounds of push with an internal pressure of 895 pounds per square inch. The flight plan called for the rocket's nozzle to move back and forth 0.12 degrees 34 seconds after liftoff in a "programmed test input" to collect data on the stiffness of the vehicle and how it responded to dynamic changes. The results of the nozzle deflections were too subtle to be visible to the unaided eye and the rocket appeared to stay solidly on course as it accelerated through the sound barrier 39 seconds after liftoff. Long-range tracking cameras showed the rocket making only slight rolling motions about its long axis as small roll control rockets fired to maintain the proper orientation. Roll control was a question mark early on in the rocket's development, but engineers said it was not a problem in flight. Another "programmed test input" - moving the nozzle by 0.12 degrees - presumably began at 55 seconds into flight. Five seconds after that, the Ares I-X was expected to experience maximum dynamic pressure of 850 pounds per square foot, subjecting the booster to the greatest stress it would experience in flight. A 0.35 degree programmed test input was planned for 75 seconds into flight with a final 1-degree side-to-side yaw maneuver scheduled for 93.6 seconds. The rocket accelerated to a peak velocity of about 4.5 times the speed of sound, reaching an altitude of 25.2 miles. At that point, when the rocket's thrust fell to less than 40,000 pounds of push, an explosive charge fired to separate the first stage from the dummy upper stage. An instant later, eight upward-firing rockets at the base of the booster ignited to pull the first stage away from the second, a maneuver clearly visible in long-range tracking camera views. But in a departure from the expected flight program, the dummy second stage went into a flat tumble as it continued along its ballistic trajectory instead of maintaining its nose-forward orientation. The dummy upper stage rose to a maximum altitude of about 150,000 feet before arcing over and plunging back to Earth 150 miles east of the space center. A few seconds after separation, another set of rockets at the base of the first stage fired, putting the booster in a flat spin to prevent a nose down re-entry that could interfere with parachute deployment. In a final major test, three 150-foot-wide parachutes were designed to deploy to lower the spent booster casing to the Atlantic Ocean where a NASA recovery ship was standing by to tow it back to Port Canaveral. A camera on the rocket showed a smaller drogue parachute deployed, but video stopped moments later and the main chutes were not seen. But the recovery ship quickly located the booster and a NASA spokesman said the crew of an aircraft flying over the floating rocket later said all three parachutes were visible in the water. An initial assessment, sources said, indicated normal blistering and a dent of unknown origin in the aft segment. "We completely met our success criteria, in fact we blew them away," said Mission Manager Bob Ess. "The first one was to roll out (to the launch pad), obviously we did that one. Clear the pad, we did that without a problem. Fly the intended flight path, we certainly did that, we confirmed that. And the last one was to learn from the flight. "So far, we're on a path to learn a lot. The separation seemed a little different than we predicted as far as how the upper stage reacted after separation. So right there's an opportunity for us to jump in and figure out what was different in the actual flight from our models. So, hugely successful." It will take engineers several weeks to complete a quick-look analysis of data from more than 700 sensors that measured pressures, stresses, temperatures and other factors throughout the flight. But the initial results indicated no major problems. "The team is tired, but extremely satisfied as you might imagine with the result," Hanley said. "We were ready when mother nature was ready and we took our opportunity and what a great outcome. It flew straight as an arrow, and we're very proud of the result." 5:25 AM, 10/28/09, Update: NASA gears up for second Ares I-X launch attempt (UPDATED at 5:55 a.m. with additional details) Faced with another day of marginal weather, engineers are gearing up for a second attempt to launch NASA's Ares I-X rocket today, but work at pad 39B is running 45 minutes to an hour behind schedule because of an overnight thunderstorm with multiple lightning strikes near the pad. "Ares I-X has been a struggle all along and last night's weather was no different," said Jon Cowart, deputy mission manager. "What happened last night, of course, showers came through along with associated thunderstorms and what we found was within a five mile radius, we had about 154 strikes around the pad. "We can measure the magnitude of all those and the relative distance from where the pad is and looking at all that data, we're very encouraged. There were none closer than point three miles, there were none that attached to the catenary wire system, there's no evidence to suggest we had any attachments to the rocket itself or anywhere to the pad. So from that perspective we're very, very good." But lightning strikes closer than 0.6 miles of the pad require specific retest and engineers are proceeding through an incremental power-up procedure to make sure no critical systems were affected. So far, no problems have been found in the electrical systems and the components they power. The only other issue of any significance is trouble tightening bolts holding a purge port cover in place on the first stage. Engineers are evaluating if the bolts are tight enough for launch as is. The four-hour launch window opens at 8 a.m., but Cowart said he expects launch to slip 45 minutes to an hour or so because of the unplanned work and re-test activity. Forecasters, meanwhile, say the weather has not improved as expected, predicting more high-level clouds and rain that could prevent a launch attempt today. 11:55 AM, 10/27/09, Update: Ares I-X launch delayed by weather, errant freighter Launch of NASA's Ares I-X rocket on a planned $445 million test flight was delayed 24 hours Tuesday because of bad weather and an errant freighter that briefly strayed into the off-shore danger area. "For everyone, great job today. You gave it a great shot," Launch Director Ed Mango told the team. "We had some opportunities and just couldn't get there, weather didn't cooperate. But good work today." Launch was rescheduled for 8 a.m. Wednesday. Forecasters are predicting a 60 percent chance of acceptable weather during a four-hour launch window, with lighter winds and less cloud cover. It is not yet clear whether Thursday is an option if additional problems force another delay Wednesday. NASA began Tuesday's launch campaign at 1 a.m. with the start of a seven-hour countdown. With forecasters concerned about high clouds, showers and friction-induced static charge buildups, NASA passed up the 8 a.m. opening of the window and the countdown remained in an extended hold at the T-minus four-minute mark in hopes conditions would improve. In a bit of a surprise given a 60-percent "no-go" forecast, conditions improved and NASA was preparing to come out of the hold and proceed to launch when a freighter strayed into the launch danger zone. The ship was contacted and immediately began moving out of the area. NASA reset launch for 10:49 a.m., but the delay caused by the freighter held things up long enough for clouds to move in. Two minutes and 37 seconds before liftoff, weather officer Kathy Winters ordered a hold. The countdown was recycled back to T-minus four minutes and holding in hopes conditions would improve. Throughout the morning, clouds rolled over the Kennedy Space Center from the west and while occasional breaks were seen on radar, the timing didn't work out for NASA. Around 11:20 a.m., launch managers called off the attempt. "It looks like we're not going to get there with weather on these opportunities and per our discussions, I guess we're looking for your recommendations and what you would like us to implement from a launch perspective," Test Director Jeff Spaulding said to Mango. "Your team has done outstanding getting the vehicle ready," Mango said. "Weather (officer) has been outstanding in trying to help us. We're not going to be go today. So we can set up for a scrub." There are no technical issues with the Ares I-X rocket. But in attempting to launch Tuesday, engineers pulled a sock-like cover from an air data probe at the very tip of the rocket that is designed to measure the atmospheric conditions ahead of the launcher. Because of the booster's height, and the need to use a shuttle launch pad with a gantry that is much shorter than the rocket, the cover had to be removed by technicians, atop the pad's service gantry, manually pulling a long lanyard. The protective cover hung up at the base of the probe, but the technicians were able to pull it free after a few minutes of energetic tugging. The cover cannot be re-installed. If rain water gets into the probe between now and launch, it could prevent accurate readings. NASA managers said earlier that was an acceptable condition and that the data, while desirable, was not required for launch. 11:05 PM, 10/25/09, Update: Ares I-X poised for launch Editor's note: Portions of the following were posted here in an earlier story. Engineers are making final preparations for the long-awaited launch of NASA's towering Ares I-X rocket Tuesday, the 33-story centerpiece of a $445 million test flight expected to generate valuable engineering data for development of a post-shuttle replacement. By coincidence, the planned launching comes on the heels of a report by a presidential panel of space experts that concluded NASA's current plans to build new Ares rockets and establish bases on the moon by the early 2020s is not feasible without an additional $3 billion to $6 billion a year. While the current program was included among five options presented to the White House, several panel members made it clear they believe it would make more sense to scrap the planned Ares I rocket in favor of commercially developed boosters and capsules that could carry U.S. astronauts to and from the International Space Station. The Ares I-X rocket, poised for launch atop pad 39B. (Photo: BIll Ingalls/NASA) NASA then could concentrate on developing a heavy-lift rocket in support of a so-called "flexible path" architecture that would forego near-term moon landings in favor of manned missions to orbit or fly by the moon or even Mars with possible landings on martian moons or asteroids. The long-term goal - landings on Mars - would be developed in parallel in a more incremental fashion. That approach, too, would require additional funding and while many observers believe the Ares I will be abandoned, the Obama administration has not yet announced what changes might be ordered. "My crystal ball is that Obama will, at least for fiscal 2011, add a billion or so to the NASA budget - the key will be the out-year budget - and endorse something like the flexible path," said John Logsdon, a space policy analyst at George Washington University and a member of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board. "There's no doubt that we're going to extend station (beyond 2015) and I think there is little doubt that we're going to depend on what people are calling commercial providers to be the transport system for crew to station as soon as they're ready," he said. But Leroy Chiao, a former astronaut and member of the U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee chartered by the Obama administration, said in an interview that "it's important to emphasize that we were presenting options, not recommendations." "Despite what's been going on in the blogosphere, the panel didn't come up and saying (NASA) should cancel Ares I, which a lot of people think we actually did," Chiao said. "As far as the flight test ... there are definitely things to be learned. And I think no matter what, it's certainly worthwhile going forward with the test because frankly, it would probably have cost just as much money to stand down." In the end, he said, "it's really up to the decision makers as to which path to go down. So Ares I is not dead by a long shot." As currently envisioned, the operational Ares I rocket will be made up of a five-segment solid-fuel shuttle booster and a new second stage powered by a hydrogen-fueled Apollo-era J-2X engine. An Apollo-like Orion capsule will sit atop the second stage, equipped with a solid-fuel abort rocket designed to pull a crew to safety at any point during the climb to space. The slender rocket, its second stage wider than the first, stands twice as tall as a space shuttle "stack." But its pencil-thin appearance quickly led to a somewhat derisive nickname: the "stick." For the first test flight - Ares I-X - NASA is using a standard four-segment shuttle booster with an empty fifth segment, housing guidance and navigation equipment adapted from Lockheed Martin's Atlas 5 rocket, and new 150-foot-diameter parachutes to lower the spent rocket to the ocean for recovery. A dummy second stage loaded with ballast and topped off with a make-believe Orion capsule and abort rocket are bolted to the top of the first stage. More than 700 sensors are mounted on the Ares I-X to record an enormous amount of engineering data on all phases of flight, from launch through motor burn out two minutes later, through stage separation, parachute deployment and ocean impact. Multiple video cameras are mounted on the rocket to provide realtime views of critical elements. Engineers say the short flight will help them resolve questions about first stage vibration, roll control, aerodynamic forces and thermal effects, as well as stage separation systems and recovery of the first stage using new 150-foot-wide parachutes. "One test is worth a thousand expert opinions," said Jon Cowart, Ares I-X deputy mission manager at the Kennedy Space Center. "It's brand new, it's a long, thin rocket. We want to make sure we can guide this thing. Balance a broomstick on the end of your finger, you'll get some idea of what we're dealing with here." Said former NASA Administrator Mike Griffin, the man who approved the Ares architecture: "This is a vehicle that, when you look at it, is long and slender. That has caused, quite rightly, of course, at the top level, a lot of concern that it will be difficult to control." "People think of launch vehicles as solid objects and they aren't, really," he said in an interview. "What you're really doing is pushing a pasta noodle up a hill. So you're pushing a pasta noodle up hill and you have to do it carefully. That's really what I'm talking about. I'm not talking about the ability of the nozzle to effect the proper control authority, that's a slam dunk. The issue is the reaction of the vehicle in a stability and control sense." While engineers are confident the slender rocket will, in fact, clear the launch pad service gantry and follow its programmed trajectory, "we're not going to guarantee this is going to work," said Bob Ess, the mission manager. "This is a flight test and for the first time, we're testing many systems in the same vehicle simultaneously," he said. "We have very high confidence it's going to work, but there are some areas we're testing for the first time. That's why we're doing the test." Added Launch Director Ed Mango: "We wouldn't go if we didn't think the vehicle is going to fly right." A seven-hour countdown is scheduled to begin at 1 a.m. EDT Tuesday, targeting the opening of a four-hour launch window at 8 a.m. Forecasters, however, are predicting a 60 percent chance of clouds and rain that could prevent good visibility, needed for precise optical tracking, and cause static charges to build up around the rocket, interfering with communications, including the self-destruct system if needed. The static charge phenomenon, known as triboelectrification, is a factor for the Ares I-X launch because the rocket's coatings have not been subjected to the required analysis needed to prove the charging phenomenon is not an issue. If the weather prevents a launch Tuesday, engineers will recycle for another attempt at 8 a.m. Wednesday, when forecaster expect a 60 percent chance of acceptable weather. NASA does not yet have a third launch date booked with the Air Force Eastern Range, which provides telemetry and tracking support for all rockets launched from Florida. Assuming Thursday is available, forecasters are predicting a 70 percent chance of good weather. "Our weather on Tuesday is going to be a little bit of a problem," said NASA weather officer Kathy Winters. "We are expecting a weather system that is coming into the western Gulf to pull a trough up north from the Caribbean up into the Gulf of Mexico. Now, the models differ on where this trough will be located as we get to launch day. ... But as that does come through the area, we do have a threat for having more clouds in the area and precipitation in the area." If the Ares I-X fails to get off this week, the rocket will remain at pad 39B until another window opens in late November, after already-booked launches of commercial and military communications satellites and a flight by the shuttle Atlantis. Whenever it flies, the Ares I-X should put on quite a show as the thin rocket climbs away atop a plume of fiery exhaust. Engineers are confident the rocket will fly, but no one knows exactly what to expect. "Are we confident? Sure," Ess said. "Would I bet my house? No. We do this for a reason. This is all about verifying these models. Everything shows good, all the loads show good, all the dynamics and the controls all show good. But it's the first time we've done it and we've done a unique mix of shuttle heritage hardware, the Atlas program hardware, the Peacekeeper program, put it together in a very unique way, flying the Ares 1 flight control algorithms on board. It's quite a hybrid. "So while we have good confidence, there's no guarantee and there are several things that could go wrong. In this high Q (aerodynamic pressure) region with a long vehicle, if we get more bending than we thought we would then it could affect our thrust vector control and how it affects the flight. It could make things worse instead of better. Or our aerodynamics could be off enough that we get some strange dynamics. All of those are part of the test. It'll be a good day, but it'll be an interesting day no matter what." Ares I-X is the first major flight test in NASA's embattled Constellation program, born in the wake of the 2003 Columbia disaster and a Bush administration decision to complete the International Space Station and retire the shuttle by the end of 2010. The long-range was to develop new rockets to replace the shuttle and to use them to establish lunar research stations by the early 2020s. The Constellation program is a radical departure from the world of shuttle operations. Instead of one rocket designed to carry astronauts and heavy payloads, two rockets were envisioned: the manned Ares I, designed to boost Apollo-like Orion crew capsules to low-Earth orbit; and the unmanned Ares V, a huge heavy lift rocket built to carry a four-person lunar lander into space. For a moon shot, an Ares V would be launched from one pad at the Kennedy Space Center, followed 90 minutes later by launch of the crew in an Orion capsule atop an Ares I. After linking up in low-Earth orbit, the Ares V upper stage would propel the Altair lunar lander and astronauts in the attached Orion capsule to the moon. The astronauts would descend to the lunar surface in the lander and, when their mission is complete, blast off, rendezvous with the orbiting Orion capsule and return to Earth for a parachute descent reminiscent of the Apollo program. But Bush administration did not give NASA much in the way of additional funding to pay for initial Constellation development. Quite the contrary, according to Griffin, a Bush appointee. "After a small increase this year, Exploration Systems at NASA goes down by $3.5 billion over the next four years," he said in an April speech. "When combined with earlier reductions of almost $12 billion during the Bush administration, well over $15 billion has been extracted from the Exploration Systems budget in the five short years since the new space policy was announced." It is that funding shortfall, not major technical problems, that led the manned spaceflight review panel to conclude that NASA would be unable to implement the Constellation program as currently planned, along with extending the International Space Station program beyond 2015, without a significant increase in funding. Moon missions aside, NASA will not be ready to begin initial operations with Ares I until 2015 even if the Obama administration sticks with the Constellation program. The Augustine panel said it would be more like 2017, too late to provide more than token service to the International Space Station. During the now-unavoidable gap between the end of shuttle operations and the debut of whatever replaces it, NASA will be forced to buy seats on Russian Soyuz spacecraft, at $50 million a ticket, to ferry U.S. and international astronauts to and from the space station. Given the uncertain political backdrop, the Ares I-X rocket could be viewed as a major step on the road to Ares I, the Constellation program and eventual missions to the moon. Or it could be seen as a dead end, depending on how one assesses the political environment. Either way, NASA managers steadfastly claim the mission will help engineers validate the models that will be used to refine the design of any post-shuttle launcher regardless of the fate of the Ares I. "We're going to measure the external pressures all over the vehicle, accelerations all over the vehicle, temperatures all over the vehicle, over 700 different sensors across the vehicle," Ess said. "It's unprecedented to get that much information from one flight. "Inside, we have sensors as well to measure strains, basically how the vehicle's structure bends and twists during flight. All of this is tied to different math models and computer models we have for designing rockets such as Ares I. From that, we'll be able to know if we're getting closer to our actual goals for the design." Logsdon doesn't buy that argument. "It's a rationalization," he said of NASA's Ares I-X justification. "But we've already paid for it." Ares I-X stands 327.2 feet tall and weighs 1.8 million pounds. It is held to a mobile launch platform at pad 39B by four massive explosive bolts at the base of the rocket. To keep the tall rocket from swaying in high winds, a one-use $13 million stabilization system was built on the side of the pad's gantry that will be released about 90 minutes before launch. At ignition, the hold-down bolts will explode followed an instant later by ignition of the rocket's propellant. In a quarter of a second, the booster's thrust will exceed the weight of the rocket and Ares I-X will begin climbing away. Two tenths of a second later, the pressure inside the burning core of the rocket will reach its maximum level of 930 pounds per square inch. To protect the launch gantry from the damaging plume of 5,000-degree rocket exhaust, the Ares I-X flight system is programmed to tilt the booster's nozzle slightly, causing the rocket to "walk off" the pad slightly, away from the gantry. The walk-off maneuver will address one area of concern earlier in the program about the possible effects of worst-case winds from the south, which might push the rocket toward the gantry as it climbs away. Decades of weather records indicate worst-case conditions would only be expected about 0.3 percent of the time and in any case, engineers say the rocket's guidance system can easily steer the vehicle away from any close encounters with its gantry. For the test flight, winds must be less than 20 knots from any direction and Winters said she does not expect any violations. Climbing rapidly, the rocket will rise above the launch pad gantry in a scant six seconds. Twenty seconds after liftoff, the rocket will reach its maximum thrust of 3.16 million pounds of push with an internal pressure of 895 pounds per square inch. Thirty-four seconds after launch, the rocket's nozzle will be moved back and forth 0.12 degrees for 10 seconds to collect data on the stiffness of the vehicle and how it responds to dynamic changes. "Thirty nine seconds after T-0 it goes supersonic," Cowart said. "You'll see it arcing off to the east. You see the shuttle on a lot of their flights, they go up and then head for the northeast because they're going towards the International Space Station. We're just a simple flight test, we're going to go east, get out there (over) the ocean." Another "programmed test input" - moving the nozzle by 0.12 degrees - will begin at 55 seconds into flight. Five seconds after that, the Ares I-X will experience maximum dynamic pressure of 850 pounds per square foot, subjecting the booster to the greatest stress it will experience in flight. A 0.35 degree programmed test input is planned for 75 seconds into flight with a final 1-degree side-to-side yaw maneuver scheduled for 93.6 seconds. The rocket will accelerate to a peak velocity of about 4.5 times the speed of sound, reaching an altitude of 130,000 feet. When the rocket's thrust falls to less than 40,000 pounds of push, an explosive charge and eight upward-firing rockets at the base of the booster will pull the first stage away from the second. The dummy second stage will continue along a ballistic trajectory, rising to a maximum altitude of about 150,000 feet before it begins arcing over and plunging back to Earth. A few seconds after separation, another set of rockets at the base of the first stage will fire, putting the booster in a flat spin to prevent a nose down re-entry that could interfere with parachute deployment. Assuming new 150-foot-wide parachutes release and inflate as planned, the spent booster will make a jarring splashdown about 130 miles from the space center. "We have a separation that occurs just beneath the frustum and then the deceleration motors will fire, which will slow the first stage down a little bit and then we'll fire some tumble motors to get it spinning," Cowart said. "We need that to happen so the parachutes will properly deploy. If we don't get it spinning enough, there's always a chance they might get fouled on the rocket. Because we've got these tumble motors, we've got a very high degree of confidence that the parachutes are going to deploy properly. The upper stage continues on like a giant lawn dart and it's going to hit the water about 140 miles out going a pretty good clip." The spent booster will be towed back to Cape Canaveral for detailed inspections, but there are no plans to recover the dummy upper stage. "Any human being around here knows you learn a lot more from things that don't go right than you do from things that do," Cowart said. "There are a whole category to things, obviously, which could not go the way we think they will. But that is why we design in and work around and make sure those things, to the best of our ability, that those things won't happen." Said Ess: "The only failure on this flight is the failure for us to learn from it." "No matter what happens, we will learn a lot from it, he said. "We expect it to go well, we've done all the analysis to say it will go well, but that's why we're doing it. That's why it's a development flight test. There's no people on board, this is not a prototype, this is an opportunity to learn some pretty unique things." Among the areas of special interest are a phenomenon known as thrust oscillation, roll control, stage separation and the performance of the new parachutes, designed to help slow and stabilize the larger five-segment booster when it falls back to Earth from a higher altitude. For roll control, Ares I-X is equipped with thrusters on each side of the rocket near the base of second stage. To keep costs down, the system was borrowed from the Peacekeeper ICBM program. "There's a flow circulation as the flow comes out through the nozzle," said Charles Precourt, a former shuttle commander who now runs the shuttle/Ares solid-fuel booster program for builder ATK. "I'm going to use a real crude analogy, but when water goes down the drain you know how it circulates? Well, in a similar fashion, you get a torque force generated by the flow coming out the motor. We understand what it is, we've measured it and we've sized that for this roll control system on I-X." Like the space shuttle, Ares I-X will execute a deliberate "roll program" to put it in the proper orientation as it arcs to the East and climbs toward space, a maneuver needed to keep antennas properly oriented with respect to ground stations. Another question mark is thrust oscillation and vibration, the result of vortices forming inside the booster as part of the complex supersonic exhaust flow. Engineers are designing spring-like dampers to "de-tune" the first stage booster and the upper stage/Orion components to minimize amplification effects that might otherwise occur toward the end of the first stage burn. No such dampers will be in place on the Ares I-X rocket. Instead, sensors will characterize the thrust oscillation present in a four-segment motor to help engineers properly model the sort of acoustic environment present in a five-segment booster. Constellation Program Manager Jeff Hanley said recent shuttle boosters, and a five-segment booster test fired in Utah for the Ares project, showed lower thrust oscillation than initially expected. "I don't consider it to be a top risk of the program any more," he said. Asked to name the top issues, or uncertainties, he hopes to learn more about with Ares I-X, Hanley said liftoff acoustics and the rocket's passage through the region of maximum aerodynamic pressure, or "max Q." "As this thing lifts off the pad, when it gets to be 80 feet or so off the pad, you have a lot of reflected noise off the ground and off the launch pad, back up at the rocket," he said in an interview. "And those sound levels get to be, according to our models, very high. So the sound hits where the instrumentation is, the service module is a particularly vulnerable place for us. So part of what we're tying to understand is that reflection, the sound levels, and how can we attenuate it? Computer modeling indicates flooding the launch platform with water just before liftoff can attenuate some of that sound, "but we're unsure exactly how effective it will be. We got some data from shuttle, a lot of the data we have in terms of noise levels comes from Saturn." "The other thing we're trying to understand is the transmission," he said. "Once the sound waves, for example, hit the command module, how is that energy transmitted through the structure down to the components? And it's the components we have to write specs for so we can go buy the components and make sure when they're delivered they can take a certain environment." Sound also is an issue during the rocket's passage through the region of maximum aerodynamic pressure. "The protuberances, the things that stick out on the rocket, there's wind noise that goes past those," Hanley said. "That wind noise is transmitted through the structure to the components. So that's another noise generation phenomena we have to be able to deal with in our modeling and our test program. That whole subject of vibro-acoustics is probably our biggest technical issue right now that we're working." Even so, Hanley said he didn't view the issue as a show stopper. "By the time we're done with this thing," he said, "it's going to be one of the best characterized rockets ever flown." 6:30 PM, 10/23/09, Update: Ares I-X rocket cleared for flight NASA's Ares I-X rocket, a test version of the embattled booster NASA is designing to replace the space shuttle, was cleared Friday for an unmanned $445 million test flight Tuesday, weather permitting. The primary goals of the brief sub-orbital flight are to find out how the slender 32-story rocket responds to the rigors of launch, the initial climb out of the dense lower atmosphere and the booster's fall back into the Atlantic Ocean under huge new parachutes. Liftoff from pad 39B at the Kennedy Space Center is targeted for 8 a.m. EDT Tuesday, the opening of a four-hour launch window. A backup launch window is available Wednesday if necessary, and possibly Thursday. Senior NASA managers held a flight readiness review Friday and cleared the towering rocket for flight. While there are no technical problems at the pad, forecasters are predicting a 60 percent chance of clouds, rain and high winds that could cause a delay Tuesday, improving somewhat to 60 percent "go" on Wednesday. "The team is ready to go fly," said Launch Director Ed Mango. "We're in very good shape in terms of the hardware and in paper. Right now, we're not working anything outside of what's in front of us. And so, as we work through the next few days, we will get all that work done and get ready to go fly on Tuesday." As for the weather, Mango said "we're five days out and a lot can change in those five days, and that's what we're looking forward to." "We need a pretty clear sky, really," Mango said. "Right now, our requirements for winds are 20 knots from any direction at liftoff. The reason for that, we're trying to validate some of the (computer) models and the models have been anchored in some wind tunnel data and some analysis that says 20 knots will give us margin to make sure we don't get in trouble when we first lift off. So we have to put all those together. Now, how long do we need to have a hole in the sky, if you want to put it that way? Probably about 10 minutes." The 1.8-million-pound Ares I-X is made up of an extended four-segment space shuttle booster, a dummy upper stage and a mock Orion crew capsule. It is rigged with more than 700 sensors to record the mechanical and aerodynamic stresses and strains the thin rocket will experience as it accelerates to 4.5 times the speed of sound during two minutes of powered flight. The rocket will reach an altitude of about 25 miles when the booster exhausts its fuel. Small rocket motors will help pull the spent booster from the dummy upper stage for a parachute descent to the Atlantic Ocean. The upper stage simulator and the mock crew capsule will continue along a ballistic trajectory, crashing into the sea about 150 miles due east of the space center. "We're going to measure the external pressures all over the vehicle, accelerations all over the vehicle, temperatures all over the vehicle, over 700 different sensors across the vehicle," said Mission Manager Bob Ess. "It's unprecedented to get that much information from one flight. Inside, we have sensors as well to measure strains, basically how the vehicle's structure bends and twists during flight. All of this is tied to different math models and computer models we have for designing rockets such as Ares I. From that, we'll be able to know if we're getting closer to our actual goals for the design." NASA's post-Columbia Constellation program calls for finishing the International Space Station and retiring the shuttle by the end of 2010. The agency hopes to replace the shuttle with the Ares I rocket, using it to launch astronauts to low-Earth orbit in Apollo-like Orion capsules. The long-range plan calls for developing huge Ares V rockets to propel Orion capsules and lunar landers to the moon. But a presidential panel charged with assessing manned space flight options concluded in September that NASA doesn't have the funding necessary to pursue to Constellation architecture as it now stands. The panel presented five options to the White House this week, saying NASA would need an additional $3 billion a year starting in 2014 to make the Ares/lunar architecture viable. The panel suggested turning to private industry to launch astronauts to low-Earth orbit and a so-called "flexible path" option that would forego lunar landings in the near term in favor of orbital flights or flybys of the moon and Mars while longer-range landing options are developed. Depending on the architecture ultimately endorsed by the Obama administration, the Ares I-X could end up being a one-shot test flight. Or the shape of things to come. 04:50 PM, 10/22/09, Update: Augustine panel submits final report to president Amid work to ready NASA's Ares I-X rocket for a long-awaited test flight next week, a presidential panel charged with reviewing the nation's manned space program submitted its completed report Thursday, concluding NASA's planned shuttle replacement will cost too much and take too long to build to be a viable option. Even so, panel members said they looked forward to the $445 million test flight Tuesday and the data it will generate to help validate computer models and processes that will be useful in any future rocket design efforts. "We do think it's appropriate to fly the Ares I-X," said Norman Augustine, former CEO of Lockheed Martin and chairman of the U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee. "We think there are important things to be learned that will help the program." The panel's completed report contained no major surprises - an executive summary was released in late September that included the same five basic options for future manned space activity - but the coincidental timing of the report and next week's test flight highlighted the uncertain future of NASA's plans to replace the space shuttle and return to the moon. "The premier conclusion of the committee is the human spaceflight program the United States is currently pursuing is one that's on an unsustainable trajectory," said Augustine. "We say that because of a mismatch between the scope of the program and the funds to support the program. That's of great concern to us because human spaceflight, where safety accounts for everything, is a very unforgiving sort of pursuit." In the wake of the 2003 Columbia disaster, the Bush administration ordered NASA to finish the International Space Station and retire the shuttle by the end of 2010 and to develop new rockets and spacecraft to return astronauts to the moon by the early 2020s. The plan NASA developed - the Constellation program - calls for a new rocket known as the Ares I, and a Apollo-like crew capsule called Orion, to ferry astronauts to and from low-Earth orbit. A large, unmanned heavy lift rocket known as the Ares V then would be built to launch Orion capsules and lunar landers to the moon. President Obama expressed general support for the Constellation program during the presidential campaign, but earlier this year he ordered an independent review of NASA's manned space program in the context of the current budget environment. At the same time, the Office of Management and Budget cut some $3 billion from NASA's projected "out-years" budget, money earmarked for development of the Ares V. Against that uncertain backdrop, NASA pressed ahead with development of the Orion capsule and the Ares I booster envisioned as a replacement for the space shuttle. The new rocket features an extended shuttle solid-fuel booster, a hydrogen-fueled upper stage and an escape rocket that could pull the crew capsule to safety in an emergency. NASA plans to launch a test version of the rocket Tuesday on a sub-orbital flight to verify computer models being developed to help design the Ares I. For the test flight, a standard four-segment shuttle booster is being used, along with a dummy upper stage and an Orion capsule simulator that duplicate the mass and shape of the Ares I rocket. "We've reviewed the Ares I and Orion elements of that program, which are the two parts that are principally underway," Augustine said Thursday. "We found those programs to be reasonably well managed, we found them to have technical problems of a nature that's probably not uncommon for complex undertakings of this type. "It's our belief that given ample time and funds, the engineers at NASA and their contractors are certainly capable of solving those problems. So we think the program within itself has a very good likelihood of succeeding. The issue that comes up under Ares I is whether the program is useful when it has succeeded because of a mismatch of the time schedules and the costs with what will be needed for it to do." While that observation suggests Augustine and the panel do not support continued development of Ares I, panel member Leroy Chiao, a former astronaut, said "it's important to emphasize that we were presenting options, not recommendations." "Despite what's been going on in the blogosphere, the panel didn't come up and saying (NASA) should cancel Ares I, which a lot of people think we actually did," he said in a telephone interview. "It's really up to the decision makers as to which path to go down. So Ares I is not dead by a long shot." NASA believes the Ares I could be ready to fly by 2015. The Augustine panel concluded it would take until at least 2017 to complete the work, coming on line too late to provide more than token support to the International Space Station. In the meantime, NASA will be forced to buy seats on Russian Soyuz rockets, at $50 million per ticket, to get U.S. astronauts to and from the lab complex. The Augustine report also concluded that NASA will be unable to extend human exploration beyond low-Earth orbit without additional funding, suggesting an additional $3 billion per year, plus a hedge against inflation, to fund a realistic space exploration program. The panel did not make recommendations, but members seem to favor a commercially developed launch system to get astronauts to low-Earth orbit and a government-developed heavy lift rocket to extend human exploration to the moon and beyond. The so-called "flexible path" option presented by the Augustine panel would allow NASA to launch orbital moon missions and even flights around Mars or to its moons by the early to mid 2020s, while long-term development of landers and associated hardware is developed in parallel. "The current plan focuses on going to the moon (with) the longer term goal of going to Mars," Augustine said. "There are a lot of things one could do along the way that are very interesting, that let you build up gradually to the immense undertaking of the Mars program. "The sort of thing we're thinking of, one could fly circumlunar missions, you could circumnavigate Mars, you could land on an asteroid, a near-Earth object, you could land on Phobos or Deimos, the martian moons, and do some very exciting science from there. It seems to us that is a more sensible program than to wait 15 years or so for the first major event." Panel member Edward Crawley of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology said the panel did not oppose the Constellation architecture per se or believe NASA faced any insurmountable technical hurdles. But given the current budget environment, he said, Ares I was not the most cost-effective option for transportation to low-Earth orbit. "We do not think there are any technical problems with the Ares I that NASA cannot overcome with time and budget," he said. "So we actually expect the Ares I-X flight to go off and be successful. That's really not the central question. The central question is not whether can NASA build the Ares I? Really, the question is, should NASA build the Ares I?" At the time the Constellation architecture was initially developed, "it was a sound decision, it was a clever architecture combining the Ares I and the Ares V," Crawley said. "And under the cost assumptions and the correct perspective that crew safety in from launch to orbit was the premier criteria for design, it was a wise choice at the time. "But times have changed," he said. "The budgetary environment has become much more tight and the understanding of the costs and schedule to develop the Ares I has matured. Under the best of circumstances, the Ares I and Orion would be available in 2017 ... the last few years of the ISS. It's a very capable vehicle, arguably too capable for use as a crew taxi to low-Earth orbit. Really, the question as framed by the committee is are there alternatives that would deliver a capability earlier and at lower cost but with the same criteria for safety?" The Augustine committee concluded "the most likely alternative that would work would be to form a partnership between NASA and the commercial industry." "This has the potential for producing a safe vehicle," he said. "It has the potential for significant cost savings." A White House spokesman thanked the panel for its report, saying "the president has on numerous occasions confirmed his commitment to human space exploration, and the goal of ensuring that the nation is on a vigorous and sustainable path to achieving our boldest aspirations in space." Ê "Against a backdrop of serious challenges with the existing program, the Augustine committee has offered several key findings and a range of options for how the nation might improve its future human space flight activities," he said. "We will be reviewing the committee's analysis, and then ultimately the president will be making the final decisions." John Logsdon, a space analyst at George Washington University, said "my crystal ball is that Obama will, at least for fiscal 2011, add a billion or so to the NASA budget - the key will be the out-year budget - and endorse something like the flexible path." "There's no doubt that we're going to extend station (operations beyond 2015)," he said, "and I think there is little doubt that we're going to depend on what people are calling commercial providers to be the transport system for crew to station as soon as they're ready." 10:45 AM, 10/20/09, Update: Ares I-X rocket hauled to launch pad for critical test flight NASA's towering Ares I-X rocket was hauled to the launch pad early Tuesday for blastoff next week on a $445 million unmanned test flight, a major milestone in the space agency's drive to replace the shuttle with a safer, lower-cost booster. The slow trip to pad 39B began at 1:39 a.m. EDT Tuesday when a powerful crawler-transporter carrying the Ares I-X rocket and its mobile launch platform slowly pulled out of the Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center. Powerful spotlights illuminated the vehicle as it emerged from the VAB, providing a spectacular view of the slender white rocket against the dark of a cloudy night. The Ares I-X rocket emerges from the Vehicle Assembly Building. (Photo: William Harwood) The Ares I-X rocket beginning its trip to launch pad 39B. (Photo: Justin Ray/Spaceflightnow.com) The tip of the 327-foot-tall rocket, anchored to the mobile launch platform by four massive bolts at the base of the booster's flared aft skirt, was expected to sway back and forth up to a foot during rollout, depending on the wind and other factors. But data from sensors measuring stresses on the four hold-down posts indicated the rocket was stiffer than computer models suggested and the booster was mounted atop pad 39B without incident by 9:17 a.m. "This is great, this is huge," said Bob Ess, the Ares I-X mission manager. "This is a milestone that's been in our planning for years, rollout to the pad. It's hard to believe it's here. We've been doing this for three-and-a-half, four years and there it is, all done. It's ready to fly." The Ares I-X rocket nearing the top of pad 39B. (Photo: William Harwood) Launch on a brief sub-orbital test flight is targeted for 8 a.m. on Oct. 27. Backup opportunities are available Oct. 28 and 29 if needed. See the 4 p.m. 10/19 update below for an overrview of the Ares I-X mission. 04:00 PM, 10/19/09, Update: NASA set for Ares 1-X rollout; 10/27 launch now top priority; November shuttle flight no earlier than 11/16 Engineers at the Kennedy Space Center are gearing up to haul the towering Ares I-X rocket to launch pad 39B early Tuesday for an unmanned $445 million test flight Oct. 27 that likely will play a major role in the ongoing debate about NASA's post-shuttle manned space program. NASA managers met early Monday and agreed the Ares I-X flight was now NASA's top near-term priority. Because many engineers supporting the Ares test also are needed for shuttle processing, work to ready Atlantis for launch on the next space station assembly and resupply mission will be stretched out a bit. NASA had been targeting Nov. 12 for launch, but managers today agreed on Nov. 16 as a more realistic "no-earlier-than" launch date, officials said. But as of this writing, NASA does not have a slot on the U.S. Air Force Eastern Range launch schedule. A United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket carrying an Intelsat communications satellite has the range booked for launch tries Nov. 14-15 and a Delta 4 carrying a military communications satellite is scheduled for launch Nov. 18. Because of time needed to reconfigure range tracking and telemetry systems to support a different launch operation, the Delta would have to slip for NASA to have a shot at launching Atlantis on Nov. 16 at 2:28 p.m. EST. Even if the Delta is delayed, NASA will have a relatively short launch window. Because of temperature constraints related to the space station's orbit, Atlantis must take off by Nov. 19 at the latest or the flight will be delayed to Dec. 6. The December launch window closes after Dec. 11 because of a conflict with the planned launch and docking of a Russian Soyuz spacecraft carrying three station crew members. Hoping for the best, Atlantis' six crew members flew to the Kennedy Space Center on Monday to review emergency procedures at pad 39A. A dress-rehearsal countdown, originally planned for Wednesday, has been delayed to Nov. 3 because of the decision to prioritize the Ares I-X launch and the resulting slip of the shuttle's no-earlier-than launch date from Nov. 12 to Nov. 16. At the Vehicle Assembly Building, NASA and contractor engineers spent the day Monday retracting access platforms and readying the Ares I-X rocket for the planned move to launch complex 39B. First motion is targeted for 12:01 a.m. Tuesday. The towering rocket, anchored to a modified shuttle launch platform by four massive bolts at the base of the booster's flared aft skirt, stands more than twice as tall as an assembled space shuttle and it is expected to sway slightly as NASA's crawler-transporter carries the "stack" to the launch pad. Officials say the tip of the rocket is expected to move back and forth about a foot depending on the wind and other factors. While the rocket was engineered to withstand winds of up to 45 knots, the Ares I-X rollout constraint is 20 knots and forecasters are predicting a 90 percent chance of acceptable weather. Once at the pad, a new $13 million shock absorber system utilizing locomotive springs will be hooked up to hold the rocket steady until just before launch. Liftoff is targeted for 8 a.m. on Oct. 27. Backup opportunities are available Oct. 28 and 29 if needed. The Ares I rocket is a key element in NASA's post-shuttle Constellation program, which calls for replacing the shuttle with a safer, lower-cost rocket to ferry astronauts to low-Earth orbit and development of a large, unmanned heavy lift rocket - the Ares V - that would support eventual expeditions to the moon. The Obama administration currently is reassessing NASA's manned space program and evaluating five options developed by an independent panel of space experts led by former Lockheed Martin CEO Norman Augustine. Only one of the five options includes the Ares I. But in recent hearings, lawmakers expressed reluctance to scrap the Constellation architecture and it's not yet clear what action the Obama administration might take, or when a decision will be made. Given that backdrop in the policy arena, the planned test flight of the Ares I-X could prove critical to the future of the Constellation program. While a success would not guarantee a continuation of Constellation, a failure could prove fatal. "You can't avoid that," former NASA Administrator Mike Griffin, who oversaw the implementation of the Constellation program, said in an interview. "Now, I'll say right on the heels of that remark I think that's regrettable. You don't hinge decision making on one test flight. I mean, that's not good engineering. But I think it's unavoidable that policy makers will look to the success or failure of this flight as a key to future decisions." The 1.8-million-pound 327-foot-tall Ares I-X rocket is made up of a four-segment shuttle solid-fuel booster, a dummy fifth segment, a dummy second stage and a mockup of an Orion crew capsule and escape rocket. More than 700 sensors are mounted on the rocket to determine actual performance and the stresses the vehicle experiences, along with three television cameras. Like any shuttle booster, the Ares I-X will fire for two minutes, boosting the vehicle to an altitude of about 130,000 feet and a velocity of nearly five times the speed of sound. At that point, roughly 43 miles due east of the Kennedy Space Center, the first stage will separate from the dummy upper stage and fall to the Atlantic Ocean in a test of new parachutes designed for the operational Ares I. The dummy upper stage, which will not be recovered, will crash into the ocean some 147 miles from the space center. The cost of the Ares I-X project, including the rocket, launch pad modifications, computer modeling and data analysis, is expected to be around $445 million. "We're incredibly excited to be on the cusp of flying the system, seeing what Ares I can do," Jeff Hanley, Constellation program manager at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, told CBS News. The goal of the test flight is to verify computer models and flight characteristics during the critical first two minutes of flight when aerodynamic stresses are most severe. While the real Ares I rocket features a first-stage booster with five fuel segments, engineers say the four-segment Ares I-X vehicle will closely mimic the flying characteristics of the manned version. Engineers are especially interested in the acoustic environment a few seconds after launch, when the reflected sound of the accelerating booster hits the vehicle, causing vibrations that will be transmitted through the structure, and later, when the rocket accelerates through the speed of sound and experiences maximum dynamic pressure, or "max Q." A space shuttle typically experiences between 720 and 750 pounds per square foot at max Q, but Ares 1-X will experience around 850 psf. Data from the test flight will tell engineers what sort of environmental conditions sensitive electronics might be subjected to and whether mitigations are needed. Other areas of interest are longitudinal thrust oscillations and how much the vehicle rolls about its long axis. Based on data from recent shuttle flights and the test firing of a five-segment Ares booster in Utah, Hanley said engineers do not believe thrust oscillation, a phenomenon that occurs toward the end of a booster's firing, is a major problem. Even so, current plans for the Ares I rocket call for springs, part of a passive "soft-ride" system, to be used between the first and second stages and between the second stage and the Orion crew capsule to damp out any significant vibrations. Engineers also are studying an innovative system that would use the mass of the second-stage liquid oxygen in an eventual manned rocket to damp out unwanted vibration. Roll control also doesn't appear to be a major issue, engineers say. All solid-fuel rockets experience some amount of roll due to the behavior of the high-speed exhaust plume and Ares I-X is equipped with roll control thrusters on the dummy second stage to counteract any unwanted motion. Another issue involves the rocket's sideways drift as it climbs away from the launch pad. For the Ares I-X launch, the booster's nozzle will be canted slightly just after ignition to ensure a "walk-off" away from the launch pad gantry. This is not intended to prevent a crash into the tower, which engineers say is not a concern. Rather, it is to prevent the rocket's exhaust plume from damaging the pad if the launch-day winds push it toward the gantry. 6:45 PM, 10/10/09, Update: Padalka, Barratt, Laliberte prepare for landing (UPDATED at 9:20 p.m. with undocking; UPDATED at 1:05 a.m. with landing) A Russian Soyuz spacecraft carrying commander Gennady Padalka, flight engineer Michael Barratt and Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberte undocked from the International Space Station Saturday and plunged to a successful landing in Kazakhstan early Sunday. Descending under a big orange-and-white parachute, the Soyuz TMA-14's descent module settled to a jarring rocket-assisted touchdown at 12:32 a.m. EDT (10:32 a.m. local time) Sunday to close out a 50-minute descent from orbit. Russian recovery forces, including U.S. and Russian flight surgeons, monitored the final stages of the descent before moving in to provide assistance, opening the capsule's hatch within about six minutes. A few minutes after that, video from the landing site showed the crew members resting comfortably in chairs draped with blankets, with Laliberte wearing his familiar red clown nose. Padalka could be seen enjoying an apple as he and Barratt chatted with support personnel. For Padalka and Barratt, launched March 26, touchdown closed out a marathon 199-day stay in orbit that was highlighted by the expansion of the crew from three to six astronauts and cosmonauts. Padalka, veteran of a flight to the old Mir space station and two expeditions aboard the ISS, boosted his spaceflight total to 586 days, putting him sixth on the list of most experienced space fliers. Laliberte, a Canadian billionaire, is believed to have paid around $35 million to spend nine days aboard the station as a tourist. He took off Sept. 30 with cosmonaut Maxim Suraev and NASA flight engineer Jeffrey Williams, who remained behind aboard the station as part of the six-member Expedition 21 crew. Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberte, left, wearing his now-familiar clown nose; Soyuz commander Gennady Padalka, center; and flight engineer Michael Barratt. (Photo: Bill Ingalls/NASA) Padalka, Barratt and Laliberte undocked from the space station's Pirs airlock module at 9:07 p.m. Saturday. Padalka made the trip back to Earth strapped into the central descent module's center seat with Barratt, serving as flight engineer, to his left and Laliberte to his right. "Gennady, good luck," Suraev radioed from the station as the Soyuz pulled away. "You look wonderful against the backdrop of black space. It's amazing, I don't have enough words." "You'll do great, I just know it," Padalka replied. "Good luck to all of you," Suraev said. "Stay safe, have a nominal landing. I hope you do well after you get back and I hope you'll be running later today, once you're on the ground." "OK, well Max, we wish you a great time aboard the station," Padalka said. "We'll see you sometime in spring. And by the way, call me if you have any questions, because I know you will." The Soyuz TMA-14's braking rockets fired on time at 11:40 p.m. for about four minutes and 24 seconds, slowing the ship by about 258 mph to drop it out of orbit. The lower propulsion module and the upper orbital module separated from the central descent module just after midnight, about three minutes before the components fall into the discernible atmosphere at an altitude of 64 miles. The separation sequence went smoothly, setting up a normal descent to the planned landing site as opposed to a steeper "ballistic" trajectory. Landing near Arkalyk, Kazakhstan, was uneventful, although a brisk wind pulled the craft over on its side after touchdown. The Soyuz TMA-14 spacecraft descending to touchdown. (Photo: Bill Ingalls/NASA) In an interview with CBS News earlier this week, Barratt said he was looking forward to a reunion with his wife and five children. "I'm really going to miss the station," he said. "Just floating and flying here are tremendous and I would say after six-and-a-half months up here, I can now float and fly fairly proficiently. It's takes a little bit of time to really adapt to this, what my friend Shannon Lucid would call 'deep adaptation' to space flight, it really does take some time and I think I've finally gotten there. "The Earth views are just amazing, I'm going to miss those. As much as anything, I'm going to miss the time around the galley table with this crew. We really worked well together and had a lot of fun. But the big magnet on the ground, of course, is my family. I have a wonderful, crazy family that I've really missed a lot that I'm looking forward to getting back to them." Asked about re-adaptation to gravity after an extended stay in weightlessness, Barratt, a flight surgeon, said a new resistive exercise machine had helped him stay in shape. "I'm in about as good shape as I can be up here," he said. "We've got a new resistive exercise machine which I've been working on fairly diligently for the last six-and-a-half months and it's the first time we've really had that kind of loading in space. We have the treadmill, of course, and the bike and I've tried to hit every session of exercise I can and I think I'm about as good as I can be. "I'm not a young guy anymore and there are certainly some challenges associated with re-entry and getting back to the gravity vector. But I'm certainly going to give it my best shot and hopefully go through it OK and as always, try to take meticulous notes about it." Departing space station commander Gennady Padalka (light green shirt) and Guy Laliberte, wearing his familiar clown nose, bid farewell to station commander Frank De Winne and cosmonaut Roman Romanenko respectively. Jeffrey Williams, in red shirt at left, looks on. (Photo: NASA TV) Padalka was replaced as commander of the space station by European Space Agency astronaut Frank De Winne. His crew, known as Expedition 21, includes Suraev, Williams, NASA astronaut Nicole Stott, cosmonaut Roman Romanenko and Canadian astronaut Robert Thirsk. "Our mission was very, very long and very productive and, I would say, very eventful," Padalka said earlier this week. "The main goal of our mission was six-person crew, which was started up in June. ... Right now, we are ready to go home, and I hope space station will be left in a great operational condition for the next commander and the next crew." Romanenko, Thirsk and De Winne were launched to the station on May 27. Stott was launched aboard the shuttle Discovery Aug. 28 and she plans to return to Earth in November with the crew of the shuttle Atlantis. De Winne, Thirsk and Romanenko are scheduled to come home Dec. 1, briefly leaving the station with just two crew members - Williams, serving as commander of Expedition 22, and Suraev. Three fresh crew members - cosmonaut Oleg Kotov, astronaut Timothy Creamer and Japanese astronaut Soichi Noguchi - are scheduled for launch Dec. 21. 8:15 AM, 10/9/09, Update: LCROSS, Centaur stage crash into moon (UPDATED at 6:15 p.m. with post-impact news briefing; detection of crater, ejecta plume by Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) In a brute-force search for ice on the moon, an empty 5,000-pound rocket stage traveling twice as fast as a rifle bullet crashed into a permanently shadowed crater near the moon's south pole Friday, presumably blasting out tons of debris for examination by an instrumented probe that carried out its own kamikaze plunge four minutes later. While the initial impact did not prove especially dramatic - it was not even visible in realtime video from the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS - scientists said a camera sensitive to temperature variations clearly recorded the flash of the Centaur rocket's catastrophic crash. More important, spectroscopic data indicated the presence of material of some sort above or near the impact point in a murky crater known as Cabeus and instruments aboard NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter observed the Centaur crater and confirmed a plume of debris. Principal investigator Anthony Colaprete said it would take several days to analyze the data from the $79 million LCROSS experiment and reach a consensus on whether or not water ice was, or was not, detected. "Life is full of surprises, we want to be careful and not make a false negative or a false positive claim," he told reporters after the impact. "I'm excited we saw variations in the spectra because that means we saw something, and it was not just blackness. The information's there, we just need to get to it." Asked if he had seen anything in the initial data to indicate the presence of ice, Colaprete said he had not yet had time to look for the tell-tale signals. "We're going to take our time and build up a case for water in the ejecta, if it's there, or a case against it if it's not there," he said. "And then understand if we're seeing variations, what do these variations mean? We've got to understand that before we say anything." Interestingly, a close-up of the thermal flash of the Centaur impact showed an elongated smear of light and not a concentrated flare as one might expect from a near straight-in impact. Topographic data collected by other satellites indicated a relatively flat floor where the impact occurred. "The flash is actually several pixels across," Colaprete said. "Interesting, don't know what that means, it could just be a smear, it's a 30-frame-per-second camera, we have to look. Interesting, though." LCROSS was launched June 18 as a companion payload to NASA's $504 million Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft. Working in a 31-mile-high orbit, LRO is designed to create a high-resolution map of the moon's surface to help identify sites for future manned missions. It also will measure the solar and cosmic radiation that future lunar explorers will face and map out the surface topology, mineralogy and chemical composition of Earth's nearest neighbor. One year will be spent scouting future landing sites followed by three years of purely scientific observations. While LRO was launched directly to the moon by a powerful Atlas 5 rocket, LCROSS and the booster's empty Centaur upper stage were sent into a looping four-month orbit back around the Earth. The spacecraft was designed to aim itself and the attached Centaur stage back at the moon, targeting a permanently shadowed crater near the south pole. Mission managers initially selected a crater known as Cabeus A, but after additional analysis of topographic data, the target was switched to nearby Cabeus, a crater measuring some 62 miles across and about two-and-a-half miles deep. LCROSS successfully separated from the Centaur stage at 9:50 p.m. Thursday and then rotated 180 degres to aim its instruments forward. A small rocket firing slowed LCROSS to ensure the proper four-minute separation from the Centaur. Analysis of telemetry indicated the trajectory was right on the money - the Centaur is believed to have hit the surface within about 210 feet of the planned target - and LCROSS presumably flew through an ejecta cloud of some sort. "Everything really worked out well," Colaprete said earlier. "The spacecraft flew perfectly, the instruments performed, honestly, better than expected in some cases. We got interesting results. But again, these are just initial results. ... I can certainly report there was an impact, we saw the impact, we saw the crater and we got good measurements, spectroscopic measurements, which is what we needed of the impact event. "So we have the data we need to actually address the questions we set out to address. That's the fundamental bottom line. I'm not going to say anything about water, or no water, but we got the measurements we need to address the questions." Instruments aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, passing within 50 miles of the impact site later in the morning, saw the newly formed Centaur crater as well as a plume of debris. "LRO successfully observed the impact plume after the LCROSS impact," Project Manager Craig Tooley wrote in a status report Friday, presumably referring to the Centaur. "LRO was rolled 81 degrees to view the plume at LRO's closest approach (76.5 km to impact site). The LAMP instrument (UV spectrometer) has already confirmed detection of the ejecta plume and has begun analyzing their data. The Diviner instrument (Imaging Radiometer) has confirmed they have detected the LCROSS impact crater." Before the impacts Friday, NASA released computer animations showing dramatic plumes of debris being blasted away by the Centaur. Scientists cautioned Thursday that the realtime imagery from LCROSS would not live up to the animations. They were right - nothing obvious was visible in the live television downlink or in initial observations from ground-based telescopes. The absence of any immediately visible event prompted some to wonder if the experiment had failed to kick up enough dust for a successful analysis. "You are all talking as though it was a big success, but one of the things the public was out there to see today, and that we were expecting to see, was the debris cloud and we saw nothing," one reporter observed during NASA's post-impact briefing. "How do you know this is a success, that it didn't just hit bedrock and nothing came up?" "Well, we need to go back and look at the data and see what it says," Colaprete said. "Exploration has surprises in it. I'm certainly glad we built our mission plan, our science plan, around all aspects of the impact, for sure, we built in that robustness. We need to go and carefully look at the images, see what's in them. Certainly what's streamed out to the video is not at the same fidelity as what we get fresh off the spacecraft. So we just need to look a little bit more closely before we conclude anything about an ejecta cloud or not." The search for water ice on the moon is one of the holy grails of modern lunar exploration. Data from other spacecraft, including the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, show the presence of hydrogen, possibly from water ice, in the top three feet or so of lunar soil. Scientists initially believed ice from comets could be expected primarily in permanently shadowed craters near the moon's poles, but more recent data indicated the presence of trace amounts over broad regions. "It could be water, it could be methane, it could by hydrocarbons or organics," Colaprete said during a pre-impact briefing. "From a scientific standpoint, this is incredibly important. Whatever the moon has collected over the last three-and-a-half billion years in terms of water, organics, materials from comets, asteroids, the sun, could be trapped in these pockets on the moon. It's a time capsule, it's a window into the past of the entire inner solar system, of Earth." Finding ice on the moon could be critical to future exploration or even colonization. With unlimited solar power, ice can be converted into water, oxygen and hydrogen rocket fuel. Finding ice on the moon also would raise the possibility of similar deposits in similar environments across the solar system. "Water in terms of exploration is very important," Colaprete said. "Even if we don't go back to the moon, it is a principle resource throughout the solar system. On Mars and beyond. The old Mars mantra was 'follow the water.' And really, that extends in my mind through the entire solar system and the entire universe. And so really LRO and LCROSS are the first directed, focused steps in that direction on the moon." 12:45 AM, 10/09/09, Update: LCROSS satellite hurtles toward lunar impact A small NASA spacecraft shepherding an empty 5,000-pound rocket stage hurtled toward the moon Thursday, on course for a kamikaze plunge into a dark, permanently shadowed crater near the moon's south pole. Blasting tons of debris into direct sunlight for detailed analysis, the $79 million experiment is designed to find out if ice is mixed in with the lunar soil, a critical resource for future astronauts or colonists. "We're really excited," said principal investigator Anthony Colaprete. "There is hydrogen down in that crater and we're going to go dig some up." Accelerated by lunar gravity to a velocity of some 5,600 mph - more than twice the speed of a rifle bullet - the Centaur rocket stage is expected to crash into the shadowed crater Cabeus around 7:31:19 a.m. EDT Friday. The Centaur stage, with the mass of a large sport-utility vehicle, will blast out a new crater more than 60 feet wide and 13 feet deep. The excavated soil and debris will be blown skyward by the impact, some of it reaching an altitude of four miles or more - into direct sunlight - before settling back to the surface. The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite - LCROSS - will be trailing the doomed Centaur by 300 to 400 miles. If all goes well, it will fly through the debris cloud, measuring its constituents with a suite of compact but sophisticated instruments, before it, too, crashes to the surface four minutes later, at 7:35:38 a.m. "The impact sounds spectacular, and it will be," said Colaprete. "But you have to consider impacts of this size hit the moon three or four times a month, essentially once a week. What's unique about the LCROSS impact is we know exactly where and when, so we can actually get and coordinate all of these eyes to look at it. "The actual event will be done in four minutes, meaning the ejecta, the physical material that comes up, will be all but settled out in four minutes. It's just like any other natural impact of the moon, it will not damage the moon in any way." Looking on from afar will be the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched with LCROSS in June and currently mapping the moon from a 31-mile-high-orbit. The Hubble Space Telescope will also observe the crash, along with at least two other satellites and telescopes in observatories around the world. The impact will not be visible east of the Mississippi, but amateur astronomers in the west using telescopes with mirrors larger than eight to 10 inches should be able to see a small flash when the Centaur crashes. But Colaprete cautioned armchair astronomers not to expect a dramatic spectacle. "There's not going to be these grand, spectacular images of ejecta flying, kind of what you've seen in animations or cartoons," he said Thursday. "It's going to be more of a muted shimmer of light. But that muted shimmer of light contains all the information we need to answer our questions." The LCROSS satellite will have a bird's eye view, albeit briefly. "It's a relatively short event," Colaprete said in an earlier briefing. "It will be visible from our vantage point (with LCROSS) from the get go. The LCROSS spacecraft has the unique vantage point being directly over the impact and coming in fast. We actually get to fly through the remnant vapor cloud, imaging the crater the Centaur made all the way down to just several seconds before we impact ourselves. "The actual duration of the ejecta cloud where it is visible from most assets, including ground-based observatories and amateur observatories, is about 90 seconds," Colaprete said. "It will be its brightest between the 10- and 60-second timeframe. From the Earth, we anticipate it will be approximately magnitude five for those astronomers out there, which is quite visible, maybe as bright as magnitude four. That brightness will last about 30 seconds of so before it slowly fades away as the ejecta cloud settles back to the surface." It will take scientists several days to a few weeks to sift through data from the impact and identify water or any other compounds in the excavated soil. "We don't anticipate saying anything about the presence or absence of water immediately, it's going to take us some time," Colaprete said. "In the next couple of days, immediately after the impact, we'll be able to say yeah, we saw ejecta, yeah we saw the flash, we hit where we wanted to hit, report on that sort of thing. But it's going to take at least a couple of days for the team to see what they got in the data, what's really there, and then probably the next couple of weeks to really come to a consensus as to the detection and the amount of hydrogen-bearing compounds in general." The $79 million LCROSS was launched June 18 as a companion payload to NASA's $504 million Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft. The LRO mission is designed to create a high-resolution map of the moon's surface to help identify sites for future manned missions. It also will measure the solar and cosmic radiation that future lunar explorers will face and map out the surface topology, mineralogy and chemical composition of Earth's nearest neighbor. One year will be spent scouting future landing sites followed by three years of purely scientific observations. While LRO was launched directly to the moon by a powerful Atlas 5 rocket, LCROSS and the booster's empty Centaur upper stage were sent into a looping four-month orbit back around the Earth. The spacecraft was designed to aim itself and its Centaur stage back at the moon, targeting a permanently shadowed crater near the south pole. Mission managers initially selected a crater known as Cabeus A, but after additional analysis of topographic data, the target was switched to nearby Cabeus, a crater measuring some 62 miles across and about two-and-a-half miles deep. LCROSS successfully separated from the Centaur stage at 9:50 p.m. Thursday and then rotated 180 degres to aim its instruments forward. A small rocket firing was designed to ensure the proper separation from the Centaur. "On the day of impact, we will finally separate from that impactor, it'll be drawn into the moon by lunar gravity," said Daniel Andrews, the LCROSS project manager. "We will slow down the shepherding spacecraft so we give time for the impactor to go in. It will kick up whatever is on the floor of the crater, that may very well include water ice, kick it up into the sunlight so that we can monitor it. And then finally, about four minutes after the first impact, the shepherding spacecraft impacts and game over. We're done." During the impact Friday, sunlight will be shining into the crater through a break in the rim wall. That sunlight will provide the illumination necessary to study the debris thrown up by the Centaur impact. "The sun will be shining in through a cleft, a valley, right along the rim of the crater," Colaprete said. "This valley lets sunlight in, it streams across the valley floor just above 500 meters to 1,000 meters above the valley floor so our ejecta actually gets into sunlight quite early, only after about a kilometer rise. That's great news. Then we looked at exactly where we would want to impact to maximize the coldest temperatures, the highest amount of hydrogen, a smooth, flat floor." The search for water ice on the moon is one of the holy grails of modern lunar exploration. Data from other spacecraft, including the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, show the presence of hydrogen, possibly from water ice, in the top three feet or so of lunar soil. Scientists initially believed ice from comets could be expected primarily in permanently shadowed craters near the moon's poles, but more recent data indicated the presence of trace amounts over broad regions. "It could be water, it could be methane, it could by hydrocarbons or organics," Colaprete said. "From a scientific standpoint, this is incredibly important. Whatever the moon has collected over the last three-and-a-half billion years in terms of water, organics, materials from comets, asteroids, the sun, could be trapped in these pockets on the moon. It's a time capsule, it's a window into the past of the entire inner solar system, of Earth." Finding ice on the moon could be critical to future exploration or even colonization. With unlimited solar power, ice can be converted into water, oxygen and hydrogen rocket fuel. Finding ice on the moon also would raise the possibility of similar deposits in similar environments across the solar system. "Water in terms of exploration is very important," Colaprete said. "Even if we don't go back to the moon, it is a principle resource throughout the solar system. On Mars and beyond. The old Mars mantra was 'follow the water.' And really, that extends in my mind through the entire solar system and the entire universe. And so really LRO and LCROSS are the first directed, focused steps in that direction on the moon." NASA dedicated the LCROSS mission to CBS anchorman Walter Cronkite after the newsman's death in July. "He was the face of exploration for many decades starting in the early Mercury days, of course, through Apollo," said Andrews. "We all remember seeing him on television during the Apollo 11 landing on the moon. And so this notable figure, who represented so much for the American public in making space exploration digestible, understandable, is someone NASA and the LCROSS team would like to dedicate the LCROSS mission to." Cronkite's son, Walter Leland "Chip" Cronkite III, said the dedication was "a great honor." "Dad would be very pleased to be part of this ongoing process," he said. "(If) we find water, so close, it's an attractive oasis for further exploration. So once you build that refueling station up there, whatever it is, we'll come back and we can have another renaming ceremony. Thank you very much and good luck." 11:00 AM, 10/8/09, Update: Barratt ready for trip home; Laliberte enjoying station visit Preparing to return to Earth this weekend after six months in space, NASA flight engineer Michael Barratt said Thursday he's in good shape and ready for the rigors of re-adaptation to gravity. While he will miss working in space, seeing his wife and five children are at the top of his agenda. "I'm really going to miss the station," he said in a crew interview with CBS News. "Just floating and flying here are tremendous and I would say after six-and-a-half months up here, I can now float and fly fairly proficiently. It's takes a little bit of time to really adapt to this, what my friend Shannon Lucid would call 'deep adaptation' to space flight, it really does take some time and I think I've finally gotten there. "The Earth views are just amazing, I'm going to miss those. As much as anything, I'm going to miss the time around the galley table with this crew. We really worked well together and had a lot of fun. But the big magnet on the ground, of course, is my family. I have a wonderful, crazy family that I've really missed a lot that I'm looking forward to getting back to them." Space station astronauts discuss their on-going mission with CBS News. Front row, left to right: Michael Barratt and Jeffrey Williams. Back row, left to right: Nicole Stott, Frank De Winne and Robert Thirsk. (Photo: NASA TV) Barratt and outgoing Expedition 20 commander Gennady Padalka were launched to the International Space Station last March aboard the Soyuz TMA-14 spacecraft. Barratt, Padalka and Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberte, who was launched to the station Sept. 30 with two fresh crew members, are scheduled to undock at 9:04 p.m. EDT Saturday. Landing in Kazakhstan is expected around 12:31 a.m. Sunday. Asked about re-adaptation to gravity after an extended stay in weightlessness, Barratt, a flight surgeon, said a new resistive exercise machine has helped him stay in shape. "I'm in about as good shape as I can be up here," he said. "We've got a new resistive exercise machine which I've been working on fairly diligently for the last six-and-a-half months and it's the first time we've really had that kind of loading in space. We have the treadmill, of course, and the bike and I've tried to hit every session of exercise I can and I think I'm about as good as I can be. "I'm not a young guy anymore and there are certainly some challenges associated with re-entry and getting back to the gravity vector. But I'm certainly going to give it my best shot and hopefully go through it OK and as always, try to take meticulous notes about it." Laliberte is believed to have paid around $35 million for his trip to the space station. Jeff Williams, a long-duration station crew member who accompanied Laliberte to orbit, said the entertainer had adapted well to weightlessness. "Guy definitely brings a unique aspect to the whole experience here, he's got a perspective and a completely different background than we do," Williams said. "We tend to think technically about what we're doing and what not and of course, he brings his entertainment background, his art background, so we've learned a lot from him, I think it's broadened all of our horizons. "He's adapting very well. In fact, he was telling me this morning he wishes he could stay a couple of more weeks because now he's just feeling very comfortable here and he's ready to start teaching us some tricks. But unfortunately, he's going to have to leave here pretty soon." Asked if hosting space tourists detracted from the station's mission, Canadian astronaut Robert Thirsk said "it's important." "Our space agencies appeal quite well to the public that are interested in science and technology, but that's not everyone out there that's supporting the space program," he said. "There's a large arts community in Canada whose tax dollars also go towards supporting our program. So if we can reach out to them, explain why it's important to venture out into space and develop space through gifted people like Guy Laliberte, I'm a hundred percent behind it." 4:45 AM, 10/2/09, Update: Soyuz TMA-16 docks with space station (UPDATED with hatch opening, crew comments) The Soyuz TMA-16 spacecraft carrying cosmonaut Maxim Suraev, NASA flight engineer Jeffrey Williams and Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberte maneuvered to a smooth docking with the International Space Station early Friday to close out a two-day orbital chase. With Suraev and Williams closely monitoring the final stages of the automated rendezvous, the small capsule's docking mechanism engaged its counterpart at the aft port of the Zvezda command module at 4:35 a.m. EDT as the two spacecraft sailed high above northeast Kazakhstan. Hooks and latches then engaged to pull the Soyuz firmly into place. The Soyuz TMA-16 spacecraft closes in on the International Space Station. (Photo: NASA TV) "We're here, we arrived," Williams could be heard saying. "Congratulations, guys," someone in mission control near Moscow radioed. After leak checks, hatches between the two spacecraft were opened at 6:57 a.m., allowing Suraev, Williams and Laliberte, wearing a familiar red clown nose, to float into the space station. They were welcomed aboard by outgoing commander Gennady Padalka, NASA flight engineer Michael Barratt, cosmonaut Roman Romanenko, European Space Agency astronaut Frank De Winne, Canadian astronaut Robert Thirsk and NASA astronaut Nicole Stott. "It's good to see you all, looking very good," NASA Administrator Charles Bolden called from mission control near Moscow. "Hello Charlie, yeah, we had a great trip up here and we're happy to be on board, with good company," Williams replied. "Well Jeff, Max and Guy, just want to let you all know we enjoyed a superb launch (Wednesday)," Bolden said. "Your families behaved well, they laughed all the way back from Baikonur to Moscow. You all should rest well and know they're being taken care of." Suraev's father then congratulated his son on his first spaceflight, saying "all of us here are very happy that so far the mission is very successful ... All the best to you, son, please do a good job there." Laliberte, once again putting on his clown nose, told his family he was enjoying the trip and feeling "pretty good, actually. I'm adapting pretty good." Then he joked, "but I am staying six months, though." Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberte, wearing his ever- present red clown nose, chats with his children by phone in Moscow. (Photo: NASA TV) Suraev and Williams are replacing Padalka and Barratt, who plan to return to Earth with Laliberte on Oct. 11. De Winne will take over as the European Space Agency's first commander in Padalka's place. "I just wanted to say thanks to the Expedition 19 crew for all you've done," Bill Gerstenmaier, NASA's chief of space operations, called from Moscow. "You guys have done just a phenomenal job." "Thank you, Bill," Padalka replied. "Space station is ready for next crew, 20 and 21, so right now space station's ready." "We've had a fabulous time up here, the station is in great shape and really well supplied," Barratt said. "We're just really impressed that everything has worked so far with a couple of shuttles, the (Japanese) HTV (cargo ship), and everything worked on that thing, it was a beautiful spaceship and we're really lucky to have such visitations up here and a lot of firsts. So we're ready to come home, but it's been a great time." "You guys enjoy all your time together this week," Gerstenmaier said. "Take good care of space station." 03:40 AM, 9/30/09, Update: Soyuz takes off with two station crew members and Cirque du Soleil founder (UPDATED with launch; revised HTV undocking date; replaces earlier story) A Russian Soyuz rocket blasted off from Yuri Gagarin's launch pad in Kazakhstan Wednesday, carrying two fresh crew members and the founder of Cirque du Soleil on a voyage to the International Space Station. Under a cloudless blue sky, the Soyuz TMA-16 rumbled to life and soared away from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at 3:14:42 a.m. EDT, roughly the moment Earth's rotation carried the launch pad into the plane of the station's orbit. Soyuz commander Maxim Suraev, making his first flight, monitored the ascent from the cramped capsule's center seat, assisted by NASA flight engineer Jeffrey Williams to his left. Space tourist Guy Laliberte made the climb to space seated in the capsule's right seat. The Soyuz TMA-16 spacecraft takes off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. (Photo: NASA TV) The nine-minute ascent went smoothly as the launcher arced away to the east, shedding its liquid-fueled strap-on boosters and core stages without incident. In live television views from inside the spacecraft's central compartment, Laliberte could be seen smiling and giving ground controllers an enthusiastic thumbs up, telling Suraev he felt "super." After separating from the rocket's third stage, the Soyuz TMA-16's two solar wings and radio antennas deployed as planned and flight controllers in the Russian mission control center near Moscow reported the vehicle was in good shape and operating normally. If all goes well, Suraev, a Russian air force colonel, and Williams, a veteran shuttle and space station astronaut, will oversee an automated docking at the aft port of the station's Zvezda command module around 4:37 a.m. on Oct. 2. "This is a very exciting day for me," Laliberte said during a pre-launch news conference Tuesday. "I just turned 50 years old a couple of weeks ago and for celebrating that half of my life, hopefully, I have approaching the great privilege to fly in space. "I was only 10 years old when the first man put his foot on the moon. I was in summer camp and I was watching that on a black-and-white TV. And for me, it nurtured not the dream of going in space, but it nurtured the understanding and the belief that fairy tales are possible to live." Asked if he was frightened at the risk of launching aboard a rocket and flying through space at five miles per second, Laliberte, who frequently whips out and wears a red clown nose, said "I'm not scared of anything up there." Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberte, left, waves at the camera inside the Soyuz TMA-16 spacecraft. (Photo: NASA TV) "That question's been asked many, many times," he said. "As you know, I'm not a professional, but the one question you have to answer is if you will nurture fear or not? I'm not there to be scared at all. I'm there after evaluating danger. There is, of course, risk coming up there, there are things that you have to be careful of, but I've been well trained." Williams said he looked forward to watching Suraev and Laliberte experience weightlessness and the view of Earth from 220 miles up. "I'm very happy now to be getting ready to go again with Max and Guy," he said. "The training has gone very well and we're going to have a great time. I look forward to enjoying their first experiences on orbit." Suraev and Williams will replace outgoing Expedition 20 commander Gennady Padalka and NASA flight engineer Michael Barratt, who were launched to the station March 27. Laliberte will enjoy just nine days aboard the lab complex before returning to Earth Oct. 11 with Padalka and Barratt aboard the TMA-14 capsule that carried the two professionals into orbit last March. Laliberte, a Canadian worth an estimated $2.5 billion, is believed to be paying upward of $35 million to visit the International Space Station as a "spaceflight participant," or space tourist, in a deal with the Russian space agency arranged through Space Adventures Ltd. Toward the end of his stay aboard the orbital lab, Laliberte plans to remotely oversee a five-continent, 14-city extravaganza as part of his "poetic social mission" to raise awareness of water as a critical cultural and environmental issue. Beginning in Montreal at 8 p.m. on Oct. 9 and closing in Moscow, "we will travel the world, unveiling part of a poetic tale to a voice of international personality," Laliberte said during a news conference in August. "We will also be presenting ... artistic presentations linked to water as an inspiration and as a source of life." Among those Laliberte said had agreed to participate are former Vice President Al Gore, U2, Shakira, Canadian astronaut Julie Payette and Peter Gabriel. The theme of the production is "Moving Stars and Earth for Water." The Soyuz TMA-16 flight is the latest chapter in an especially busy few months aboard the space station. European Space Agency astronaut Frank De Winne will assume command of the outpost from Padalka when the veteran cosmonaut, Barratt and Laliberte depart. The Expedition 21 crew will be made up of De Winne, Williams, Suraev, Canadian astronaut Robert Thirsk, cosmonaut Roman Romanenko and NASA flight engineer Nicole Stott. On Oct. 30, the crew will oversee the departure of Japan's HTV-1 cargo craft, an unmanned spacecraft that was captured by Stott, operating the station's robot arm, on Sept. 17 and then berthed at the Harmony module's Earth-facing port. The HTV will be undocked by the robot arm and released so it can maneuver away on its own for re-entry and atmospheric burn up on Nov. 1. Nine days later, on Nov. 10, the Russians plan to launch a new docking compartment that will be attached to the upper port of the Zvezda module, providing a fourth port for visiting Soyuz ferry craft and unmanned Progress supply ships. The module is scheduled to make an automated approach and docking on Nov. 12, the same day NASA hopes to launch the shuttle Atlantis on a mission to deliver critical spare parts. Stott is scheduled to return to Earth aboard Atlantis on Nov. 23, leaving the station with a crew of five. De Winne, Thirsk and Romanenko are scheduled to come home a week later on Dec. 1, leaving Williams and Suraev behind on the station as the core members of the Expedition 22 crew. Three more crew members - cosmonaut Oleg Kotov, NASA astronaut Timothy Creamer and Japanese astronaut Soichi Noguchi - are scheduled for launch Dec. 21. "We'll complete the operations with the HTV module, getting it completely unpacked and repacked with some trash and garbage that will end up burning up in the atmosphere after the undock," Williams said Tuesday. "Then we've got two shuttles during the expedition. "In November, we've got STS-129 (Atlantis) coming up, its primary mission will be to bring up spare parts, primarily for the outside, the external spares in case of failures. This is in the plan to sustain the space station well into the future years after the shuttle retires in a little over a year. "We have a second shuttle (visit) planned during our stay, currently planned in February, STS-130, which will bring up the final module for the U.S. orbiting segment, what we call node 3. And in node 3, it will have some of the life support equipment as well as some exercise equipment and the toilet." Williams said a major focus of his expedition will be science. "Just like in the Russian segment, we have a lot of experiments and scientific research that will be going on during our time," he said. "This is a transition between the assembly of the space station (to) the full utilization of the space station as this international orbiting laboratory." 8:50 AM, 9/25/09, Update: NASA launches Missile Defense Agency tracking satellites (UPDATED at 11:20 a.m. with news conference) A United Launch Alliance Delta 2 rocket roared to life and thundered away from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Friday, successfully boosting a pair of experimental missile tracking satellites into orbit for the U.S. Missile Defense Agency. With its roots in the old "Star Wars" program, the goal of the $1.5 billion Space Tracking and Surveillance System mission is to demonstrate the ability to detect and track enemy missiles from launch, through the so-called mid-course phase of flight to atmospheric entry, providing more accurate targeting data for interceptors. "The purpose of these satellites is to enable acquisition and precision tracking from space, tracking of a sufficient quality to enable an interceptor to close the fire control loop, that is, to be able to determine a fire control solution based on information from space," said Rear Adm. Joseph Horn, deputy director of the Missile Defense Agency. The results of the demonstration mission, he added, "will guide our decisions on the development of an affordable, continuously available, operational, precision-track space sensor constellation." A United Launch Alliance Delta 2 rocket carrying two missile tracking satellites blasts off from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. (Credit: NASA TV) Running two days late because of bad weather and a small ground system fuel leak, the Delta 2 blasted off at 8:20 a.m. EDT from launch complex 17B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, 20 minutes late because of morning rain showers. NASA managed the launching for the Missile Defense Agency. Built by Northrup Grumman Aerospace Systems, the two solar-powered satellites boosted into space by the Delta 2 trace their heritage to President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, which envisioned a constellation of missile tracking satellites in low-Earth orbit. The original tracking satellite concept evolved into the "Brilliant Eyes" program, which later was transferred to the Air Force and ultimately became part of the Space-Based Infrared System, or SBIRS. SBIRS had two components: satellites in geosynchronous orbit intended to replace aging Defense Support Program - DSP - early-warning spacecraft, and a constellation of tracking satellites in low-Earth orbit. Brilliant Eyes was redesigned to become the lower-altitude component of the system. Work on two demonstration satellites was started under the Brilliant Eyes program and later put on hold in favor of a different approach. In 2002, mission managers decided to press ahead with the demonstration satellites under management of the U.S. Missile Defense Agency. The Delta 2 climbs away from pad 17B. (Credit: NASA TV) The 2,200-pound satellites are equipped with horizon-to-horizon missile detection sensors and a narrow-angle tracking telescope that can follow an enemy missile in flight, even during the mid-course phase of flight when it is most difficult to detect. The sensors were built by Raytheon. By combining tracking data from two spacecraft, computers can assemble a three-dimensional view of a missile's trajectory and quickly provide targeting information to future interceptors. At least that's the idea. The new spacecraft will spend two to four years carrying out a series of tests to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technology, working in concert with two earlier experimental satellites. Whether the STSS demonstration program will spur funding and development of an operational constellation remains to be seen. "The greatest hedge against missile defense threats of all ranges remains a highly available, early missile tracking capability from space," Horn said. "With the successful launch of these two demonstrator satellites, we enter into an orbit checkout period after which we plan to use both targets of opportunity and dedicated targets to demonstrate STSS capabilities." The requirements for an operational constellation are not yet defined, Horn said, but "what we expect to learn from these two demonstrators is exactly that, the (number) of satellites necessary to support a constellation and provide that continuous precision tracking information." 05:00 PM, 9/24/09, Update: Water on moon detected; buried ice sheets seen on Mars Data from a comet-bound NASA probe, a robotic mission to Saturn and a U.S. instrument aboard an Indian spacecraft have provided clear evidence that at least trace amounts of water exist on the moon's surface, researchers said Thursday. While scientists have long suspected water ice from comet impacts is trapped in cold, permanently shadowed craters near the moon's poles, the new data shows water molecules form and dissipate across broader areas, even in lunar daylight. While the data represent a major surprise and "really profound discovery," one scientist said, researchers cautioned that the moon remains an extremely dry place by human standards. "The observations presented here show a combination of hydroxyl, OH (oxygen-hydrogen molecules), and H2O (water) that resides in the upper few millimeters of the lunar surface," said Jim Green, director of NASA's Planetary Science Division. "The average amount of water reported, if we were to extract it, is about a quart of water per ton (of surface soil)." To put it another way, he said, about 16 ounces of water might be present for every 1,000 pounds of surface soil near the moon's poles. For soil near the equator, only about two tablespoons of water is believed to be present in every 1,000 pounds. "Please keep this in mind, that even the driest deserts on the Earth have more water than are at the poles and the surfaces of the moon," Green said. But scientists agreed the results open a new chapter in humanity's understanding of the moon and the processes at work across the entire solar system that could lead to water formation on other airless asteroids and moons. "Having any water or hydroxyl in the sunlit areas of the moon is as surprising as it is intriguing," Bruce Betts, director of projects for the Planetary Society, said in a statement. "Will such results turn out to be the tip of the iceberg, or will the moon remain a dry desert with slightly more moisture than we thought?" On a related front, NASA unveiled new findings from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on Thursday that show clear evidence of huge sub-surface ice sheets extending from the poles of the red planet halfway to its equator. The buried ice was spotted in debris thrown up in five recent northern hemisphere impact craters. The ice is surprisingly pure and easy to see in high-resolution pictures from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Scientists believe the ice is a remnant of a more humid period in Mars' recent history, when the planet's polar ice caps extended much farther toward the equator. "Every indication is that this is forming a broad, continuous sheet beneath the surface," said Ken Edgett, a camera team member with Malin Space Science Systems of San Diego. "We have five separate impact sites, all showing more or less the same thing. "I'd say the volume of water, and this is a guess, the volume of water is probably comparable to the volume we would have in, say, the Greenland ice sheet on the Earth, in the buried ice deposits (and the north polar ice cap)." Even more would be expected in the southern hemisphere. Shane Byrne, a member of the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment team at the University of Arizona, said the ice sheet is probably about a yard or so thick. "These buried ice sheets that extend from the poles all the way down to 45 degree or so (north and south latitude) don't quite cover half of the planet, but come close," he said. "So we're talking about maybe a (half) million cubic kilometers of ice in total." Water ice is a critical resource for future space travelers as well as a requirement for the development of life as it is currently known. The presence of ice on Mars is not a surprise, although the purity and extent of the buried ice sheets is. Water on the moon, however, is another matter. Three spacecraft - India's Chandrayaan-1 lunar orbiter, NASA's Saturn-bound Cassini probe and the agency's Deep Impact comet mission - all detected evidence of water molecules on the moon's surface. In a surprise, it appears water molecules are present even in the heat of direct sunlight. "Finding water on the moon in daylight is a huge surprise, even if it is only a small amount of water and only in the form of molecules stuck to soil," Jessica Sunshine, an astronomer at the University of Maryland who helped analyze data from NASA's Deep Impact spacecraft, said in a statement. "In the Deep Impact data we're essentially watching water molecules form and then dissipate right in front of our eyes." What causes the water to form is not yet clear, but Sunshine said the mechanism might involve electrically charged hydrogen ions in the solar wind interacting with oxygen-rich minerals in the lunar soil to form water and hydroxyl molecules. "We aren't certain yet how this happens," she said in a University of Maryland press release, "but our findings suggest a solar-driven cycle in which layers of water only a few molecules thick form, dissipate and reform on the surface each lunar day. "This water is formed in the morning, substantially lost by lunar mid-day, and re-formed as the lunar surface cools towards evening." Finding water on the moon has long been one of the holy grails of modern lunar exploration because solar power and ice deposits, assuming they are close enough to the surface, could provide a source of water, air and rocket fuel for future moon explorers or colonists. The discoveries announced this week don't necessarily mean abundant water supplies are available across the moon's surface - the solar-driven cycle implied by Deep Impact would only produce trace amounts - but they show the moon isn't the totally dry place scientists long thought it was. Earlier data indicated possible ice deposits in permanently shadowed craters near the moon's poles where water from comet impacts could have been trapped over the moon's long history. In June, NASA launched two new spacecraft to the moon, the $504 million Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and the $79 million Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS. Orbiting the moon at an altitude of just 31 miles, the LRO spacecraft is designed to map the lunar surface in unprecedented detail to help identify possible landing sites for future manned missions. LCROSS is focused specifically on water. If all goes well, the spent second stage of the rocket that boosted LRO and LCROSS to the moon will crash into a permanently shadowed crater on Oct. 9, blasting presumably ice-bearing soil into sunlight for direct analysis by LRO, the Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based observatories. LCROSS will fly through the plume, beaming back data before it, too, crashes to the surface. 3:50 PM, 9/18/09, Update: NASA names crew for final shuttle mission Chief astronaut Steven Lindsey, a veteran of four shuttle missions, will command an all-veteran six-member crew for the final planned space shuttle flight next year, NASA announced Friday. Peggy Whitson, a veteran space station commander, will take over as chief astronaut as the shuttle program winds down. Lindsey will be joined by pilot Eric Boe and mission specialists Benjamin "Al" Drew, Michael Barratt, Nicole Stott and Timothy Kopra, all space veterans. Barratt and Stott are currently in orbit aboard the International Space Station while Kopra just returned from a long-duration stay. Launch aboard the shuttle Discovery on mission STS-133 is targeted for September 2010. During the eight-day flight, a modified logistics module used to ferry equipment and supplies to and from the space station will be permanently mounted on the Earth-facing port of the central Unity module. No spacewalks are currently planned. Barratt, who launched to the station aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft last March, is scheduled to return to Earth with Expedition 20 commander Gennady Padalka on Oct. 11. Stott, who replaced Kopra aboard the station during Discovery's just-completed mission, is scheduled to come home with the crew of the next shuttle flight in November. Only six shuttle flights remain before the program is retired, all bound for the International Space Station. With Friday's announcement, all of the crews are now assigned and no unassigned rookies remain in NASA's astronaut office at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. Here is the shuttle manifest as it currently stands: Launch..Shuttle.....Mission..........EVAs...Payloads 2009 11/12...Atlantis....STS-129/ISS-ULF3...3....ELC-1; ELC-2 (external spares) 2010 02/04...Endeavour...STS-130/ISS-20A....3....Node 3 (Tranquility); cupola 03/18...Discovery...STS-131/ISS-19A....3....Logistics module; science racks 05/14...Atlantis....STS-132/ISS-ULF4...3....Russian research module; spares 07/29...Endeavour...STS-134/ISS-ULF6...3....Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer; spares 09/16...Discovery...STS-133/ISS-ULF5...0....Permanent Logistics Module; spares 4:40 PM, 9/17/09, Update: Japanese HTV grappled by space station arm after smooth rendezvous (UPDATED at 6:30 p.m. with docking) Japan's new HTV cargo ship, carrying more than 7,000 pounds of supplies and equipment, was plucked out of open space by the International Space Station's robot arm Thursday to complete a near-flawless automated rendezvous marking a major milestone for the station program. Arm operator Nicole Stott, working inside the Destiny laboratory module, locked the station's space crane onto the HTV cargo ship at 3:47 p.m. EDT as the two spacecraft moved into orbital darkness 220 miles above Eastern Europe. The HTV completes its automated rendezvous and awaits capture by the space station's robot arm. (Photo: NASA TV) The HTV is docked to the the Harmony module. (Photo: NASA TV) "It's a real example of international cooperation with a Japanese vehicle captured by a Canadian arm with American and European astronauts ... under the command of a Russian commander," said Frank De Winne, a European Space Agency astronaut. "It's really true international cooperation." A few moments later, Stott, De Winne and their crewmates posed in front of the robot arm work station and thanked flight controllers for their support. "We're all here and we all just want to say congratulations to the entire (team)," Stott said. "We had an amazing time doing this. We are so, so happy to have this beautiful vehicle here with us now and we look very forward to going in tomorrow and finding all the surprises I'm sure you've stowed there for us. "So we're going to wave our drink bags, our HTV 'special reserve' drink bags, and we're going to drink a special drink of our very special water here to all of you," Stott said. "Thanks again and we really look forward to tomorrow." Canadian astronaut Robert Thirsk, taking over arm operations from Stott, then slowly moved the HTV to a docking port on the station's forward Harmony module. After correcting for a minor misalignment, 16 motorized bolts were driven home to firmly lock the HTV to the station. Docking was complete at 6:26 p.m. If all goes well, the astronauts will enter the cargo ship Friday and begin unloading supplies. Robot arm operator Nicole Stott and her five crewmates toast the capture of the Japanese HTV cargo ship. (Photo: NASA TV) The HTV was launched on its maiden voyage last Thursday by a Japanese H-2B rocket, also making its first fight. The rocket and the cargo craft performed well and after a week of tests and checkout, the spacecraft moved into the terminal phase of its rendezvous sequence. Unlike Russian Progress cargo craft and the European Space Agency's Automated Transfer Vehicle, or ATV, the Japanese ship was not designed to dock with the station on its own. Instead, the spacecraft autonomously maneuvered to a position just below the station and waited for the lab's robot arm to grapple it and move it to a docking port. "On this particular flight, we've got about two-and-a-half tons of pressurized cargo flying to orbit and almost a metric ton of payloads externally coming to ISS," said space station Program Manager Mike Suffredini. "So it's a significant amount of up mass to us. "Almost 20 percent of the pressurized volume is research hardware. Also, the two payloads externally (in the HTV's cargo bay) are very unique and new capabilities for ISS. There's been quite a bit of talk about the use of ISS for Earth research and in fact, the two payloads flying ... are intended to do that very thing." One of the payloads in the HTV's unpressurized cargo bay is a NASA experiment to map the constituents of the upper atmosphere and the other is a JAXA payload designed to study the effects of trace gases on the ozone layer. Both will be extracted from the HTV cargo bay by the station's robot arm and installed on an external porch by a Japanese robot arm on the Kibo lab module. Overlays as seen on a space station computer screen showing the HTV inside the capture "box" just before capture Thursday. (Photo: NASA TV) "Those are very critical things for us to understand relative to understanding our environment and how we affect it and it's good to be able to finally start having this kind of research on board ISS," Suffredini said. Developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, or JAXA, as a contribution to the station program, the HTV measures some 32 feet long, 14.4 feet wide and weighs some 23,000 pounds when carrying a full 13,200-pound load of cargo. For its maiden flight, the HTV-1 is carrying about 3.5 metric tons of equipment and supplies. 3:30 PM, 9/17/09, Update: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter begins primary mission; delivers early surprise about hydrogen distribution After two months of checkout and calibration, NASA's $504 million Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter was maneuvered into a circular 31-mile-high mapping orbit Tuesday and scientists said Thursday the spacecraft's instruments are delivering intriguing clues about the possible presence of water ice. "The moon is starting to reveal her secrets, but some of those secrets are tantalizingly complex," said Michael Wargo, NASA's chief lunar scientist. Scientists expected the spacecraft to find signs of hydrogen - an indicator of possible water ice deposits - in permanently shadowed craters near the moon's south pole. Ice could be expected from cometary impacts over the past few billion years. Indeed, one of LRO's instruments shows the temperature in such craters never rises above about 33 kelvin, or minus 400 degrees Fahrenheit. But in a surprise, the spacecraft is detecting signs of hydrogen both inside and outside of such craters. A high-resolution map indicating the presence of hydrogen (right) shows water ice, or hydrogen-bearing materials of some sort, exist both inside and outside of permanently shadowed craters near the moon's south pole. (Credit: NASA) The observations confirm "there is hydrogen near the lunar south polar region," said Project Scientist Richard Vondrak. "What it also seems to indicate is that the hydrogen is not confined to permanently shadowed craters. Some of the permanently shadowed craters do indeed contain hydrogen. Others, on the other hand, do not appear to have hydrogen. And in addition, there appears to be concentrations of hydrogen that are not confined to the permanently shadowed regions." Water ice cannot exist in direct sunlight on the surface of the moon. "However, it can exist below the surface even if the surface is warm," Vondrak said. "So you may have had water deposited, or some other hydrogen-bearing compound like methane or ammonia, that was deposited from a comet or some other event and then was promptly buried. "And so you could have this buried hydrogen that then would be lasting for long, long periods of time. It would be very durable there. What we don't know is the abundance and how deep it is buried." The issue is of critical importance to scientists and engineers who envision some day building permanent research stations on the moon, using solar power to break down mined water ice to provide oxygen, water and hydrogen rocket fuel. Scientists do not yet know if water ice is, in fact, mixed in with the moon's upper soil, only that hydrogen-bearing material of some sort seems to be present. Equipped with seven state-of-the-art cameras and other instruments, LRO was built to look for suitable landing sites for future manned missions while creating the most detailed lunar atlas ever assembled. A laser altimeter aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter shows low spots (in blue) and higher elevations near the moon's south pole. (Credit: NASA) The 4,200-pound solar-powered spacecraft also will measure the solar and cosmic radiation that future lunar explorers will face and map out the surface topology, mineralogy and chemical composition of Earth's nearest neighbor. One year will be spent scouting future landing sites followed by three years of purely scientific observations. LRO was launched by an Atlas 5 rocket from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla., on June 18 along with a companion spacecraft, the $79 million Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS. The two spacecraft separated shortly after launch. LCROSS is designed to guide the Atlas 5's spent Centaur second stage to an impact in a permanently shadowed crater near the moon's south pole on Oct. 9. Instruments aboard LCROSS, LRO, the Hubble Space Telescope and at observatories on Earth will study the debris thrown up by the crash to look for evidence of ice. "It could be water, it could be methane, it could by hydrocarbons or organics," said LCROSS Project Manager Dan Andrews. "And so actually from a scientific standpoint, this is incredibly important. Whatever the moon has collected over the last three-and-a-half billion years in terms of water, organics, materials from comets, asteroids, the sun, could be trapped in these pockets on the moon. "It's a time capsule, its' a window into the past of the entire inner solar system, of Earth," he said. "I see LCROSS and LRO combined as a gateway, a pathfinder to truly understanding even the origins of volatiles, of water, in the inner solar system. The moon is right there, it's right next to us, we can go there much more easily than a lot of other places and make these studies." LRO Project Manager Craig Tooley said the lunar orbiter is operating in near flawless fashion, with all seven of its instruments now activated and trained on the moon. The craft was maneuvered from its initially elliptical commissioning orbit into a 31-mile-high circular orbit last Tuesday with a three-minute rocket firing over the south pole. "Commissioning is now complete and all of our seven instruments as well as our spacecraft (are) essentially performing flawlessly," he said Thursday. "So we are certainly ready to proceed on into the mission." 11:45 PM, 9/15/09, Update: Augustine offers no 'compelling' reasons to halt Constellation program, but says lost funding must be restored for viable space program NASA's embattled Constellation moon program, thought by many to be on life support in the face of ongoing budget cuts, is technically feasible, "soundly" managed and capable of putting American astronauts back on the moon as planned in the 2020s, the chairman of a manned space review said Tuesday. But only if the Obama administration and Congress restore some $3 billion in lost funding and maintain politically stable, long-term support. Without the additional money, the chairman said, NASA will be unable to carry out Constellation or any other meaningful manned space program. Norman Augustine, former CEO of Lockheed Martin and chairman of Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee, told the House Committee on Science and Technology that he would not endorse any one of the panel's five options and their variants, but he agreed there should be "compelling reasons" to cancel a program, like Constellation, that is already in motion. And neither he nor Edward Crawley, a panel member and engineering professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who oversaw the development of the options submitted to the White House, offered any such compelling reasons. "There were on our committee a number of people who actually built space flight hardware and their general consensus on the assessment of the Constellation program technically is it has problems, all real programs where you're really building hardware encounter developmental problems, but that we didn't see any ... that were not surmountable with proper engineering talent and skill, which we believe NASA can bring to bear," Crawley said. Rep. Bart Gordon (D-TN), chairman of the Science and Technology committee, observed that Constellation was a congressionally authorized program that represented a significant expenditure to date. "I don't think you trade what you know for what you don't know if it's equal or a little bit better," Gordon said. "So are you prepared to say that one or all of the other options are substantially better than Constellation and worth having a major turn now?" "I think it would be our view, just what you said, there should be a compelling reason to change an existing program," Augustine replied. "We believe the existing program, given adequate funds, is executable and would carry out its objectives." A key element in the Constellation program is development of a heavy lift rocket, the unmanned Ares 5 booster. Augustine said the highest priority for the nation's space program is development of a new heavy lifter, but "to answer your question, given additional funds ... we believe the existing program would be a fine program." Gordon and virtually every other committee member who spoke Tuesday questioned the wisdom of changing direction and expressed support for trying to come up with the money needed to turn Constellation into reality. "I'm not a fan of increased spending, but I've always thought our human space flight program gives the united States so much to be proud of, and carried within it is the promise of significant breakthroughs in healthcare, defense and alternative energy technologies," said Rep. Ralph Hall (R-TX), the committee's ranking Republican. "Mr. Chairman, in many ways it's hard for me to understand why the president is seeking new options at all when there's been an agreed upon plan for several years. Why don't we just fund the program we've all agreed to? Why should multi-billion-dollar bailouts of banks and insurance companies come at the expense of our talented scientists, our engineers and technicians who make the impossible look easy. "I think many of us think it would take a very small fraction of our federal budget, just tenths of one percent, to make a significant difference in our human spaceflight goals," Hall said. "But even if that level of funding is not forthcoming, we have to be very careful how we proceed because we have a lot at stake." Mike Griffin, NASA's former administrator and the man in charge when the Constellation program was developed, put the debate in stark terms. Since 1994, he said, NASA's annual budget has suffered a 20 percent decline in real dollars. "At this time a year ago, the original budget for exploration had already been eroded by some $12 billion to pay for other things," he said. "The budget submitted this past May erodes that further to the point where some $30 billion has, if those plans go forward, been removed from space exploration. "The issue is money. That issue renders moot all other debate as to what other destinations we might pursue, whether they're the moon, near Earth asteroids, Mars or any debate about how we might get there. On the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11, this is a sobering thought. ... I hope I'm not the only one who finds it shameful we're in this position." Griffin brought up President Kennedy's speech to a joint session of Congress in 1961 when he called on the nation to commit itself to landing a man on the moon and by the end of the decade. "With the budget in front of us, we're poised to behave not like the Kennedy administration but the Nixon administration where, after spending literally a fortune to develop the spaceships for Apollo, we threw them away," Griffin said. "We spent 80 percent of the money building them, 20 percent of the money using them and they're gone. So, do today's leaders want to be remembered like John Kennedy or Richard nixon? That's the choice before us." The Science and Technology Committee members who spoke agreed with Griffin's assessment that more money is needed. As Rep. Brian Baird (D-WA) put it, "we've got to fish or cut bait." "I believe passionately it's the mission of our species to explore and to actually leave the solar system at some point, but it's going to cost us and we have to decide whether we want to spend that," he said. "And I believe it's the mission of this country to lead the world in that." The Constellation program was born in the wake of the 2003 Columbia disaster. The accident review board recommended that if NASA chose to fly the shuttle past 2010, the agency should re-certify the spacecraft. Re-certification would have required re-examining the engineering rationale that went into every aspect of the shuttle's design to identify areas that needed improvements to boost safety. Instead, the Bush administration decided in January 2004 to finish the International Space Station and to retire the shuttle in 2010. At the same time, NASA was told to begin development of a replacement system that could ferry astronauts to and from the space station and eventually, on to the moon, a system that would be safer and less expensive to operate than the shuttle. The long-range goal was establishment of Antarctica-type lunar research stations where astronauts can live and work for months at a time. NASA's answer to this new direction was the Constellation program, a radical departure from the world of shuttle operations. Instead of one rocket designed to carry astronauts and heavy payloads, two rockets were envisioned: the manned Ares 1, designed to boost Apollo-like Orion crew capsules to low-Earth orbit; and the unmanned Ares 5, a huge heavy lift rocket that will carry a four-person lunar lander into space. For a moon shot, the Ares 5 would be launched from one pad, followed a few hours later by launch of the crew in an Orion capsule atop an Ares 1. After linking up in low-Earth orbit, the Ares 5 upper stage would propel the Altair lunar lander and astronauts in the attached Orion capsule to the moon. The entire crew would descend to the lunar surface in the lander and, when its mission is complete, blast off, rendezvous with the orbiting Orion capsule and return to Earth for an ocean splashdown reminiscent of the Apollo program. The Bush administration did not give NASA much in the way of additional funding to pay for initial Constellation development and the agency was forced to cut back in other areas to kick start the new program. Given the lack of funding up front, development of the Ares 1 has lagged and now won't be available until 2015. During the five-year gap between the end of shuttle operations and the debut of Ares 1/Orion, NASA will be forced to buy seats on Russian Soyuz spacecraft, at $50 million each, to ferry U.S. and international astronauts to and from the space station. During the presidential campaign, Obama expressed support for the Constellation program and it's long-range goal of returning to the moon. But after his election, the Office of Management and Budget cut another $3.1 billion from NASA's long-range budget, money that was critical to initial development of the new Ares 5 booster. Those cuts, on top of earlier reductions, have left NASA in what the Augustine panel described as an untenable position. "The reluctant bottom line conclusion of our committee is that the current program as it's being pursued is not executable, that we're on a path that will not lead to a useful, safe human exploration program and the reason for that is the mismatch between the tasks to be performed and the funds available to support those tasks," Augustine said Tuesday. "It also came as a considerable disappointment to this committee that we were unable to find any alternative space programs that would be worthy of this country that could be conducted for the funding profile now in place." The Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee was set up by the Obama administration to examine NASA's current plans for retiring the shuttle, completing the space station and returning to the moon, as well as alternative strategies for moving beyond low-Earth orbit. The committee also considered how long NASA and its partners should operate the International Space Station. NASA currently has no money in its projected downstream budget to operate the space station beyond 2015. In its executive summary - the group's final report is not yet complete - the panel did not make any recommendations. Instead, it listed five options, or architectures, and the pros and cons associated with each. The first two options assume NASA is forced to live within current 2010 budget projections. In one, the shuttle is retired on schedule and the space station is deorbited in 2015 or 2016. Under that scenario, the panel concluded, NASA would not be able to return to the moon until the 2030s or later. In the other "constrained budget" case, the shuttle is retired, the station is extended through 2020, the Ares 1 is canceled and NASA relies instead on the commercial development of new rockets to to carry astronauts to low-Earth orbit. Under that scenario, the panel said, a heavy lift rocket is delayed to the late 2020s and no money is available to develop lunar landing technologies. The panel's final three options assume NASA's exploration budget is boosted by $3 billion and then allowed to grow each year at 2.4 percent to offset inflation. Option No. 3 is basically NASA's Constellation program as currently envisioned, with shuttle retirement in early 2011 and no additional money for operation of the International Space Station past 2015. In that case, the panel concluded, NASA could, in fact, return to the moon in the mid 2020s. Option No. 4 would extend the station through 2020 and retain the moon as the nation's primary target beyond low-Earth orbit. But it would rely on development of commercial access to low-Earth orbit. In one variant, the shuttle is retired and NASA builds an Ares 5 Lite to launch crew and cargo to the moon. In the other, the shuttle program is extended and a new heavy lifter based on shuttle technology is developed for moon flights. Option No. 5 represents a so-called "flexible path" architecture that would explore the inner solar system with long-duration flights to a variety of targets, ranging from lunar orbit to the moons of Mars. The long-range goals could include lunar landings and eventual flights to Mars itself. This scenario assumes development of commercial launchers, shuttle retirement and no station extension. Gabrielle Giffords (D-AZ), chairwoman of the House subcommittee on space and aeronautics, was critical of the Augustine panel's options, saying "I thought we were going to take a hard, cold, sobering look at the Constellation program and tell us exactly what we needed to do here in Congress, with our budget, in order to maximize the chances of success. But that's not what I see." "Instead of focusing on how to strengthen the exploration program in which we've invested so much time - four years, billions of dollars - we have a glancing attention to Constellation, even referring to it in the past tense in your summary report and instead spending the bulk of the time crafting alternative options that do little to illuminate the choices that I think are really confronting the Congress and the White House. "So where does that leave us? I think in place of a serious review of potential actions that could be taken to strengthen and improve the Constellation program, we've been given a set of alternatives that in some sense look almost like cartoons, lacking detailed costs, schedule, technical, safety, other programmatic specifics that can't be subjected to the rigorous and comprehensive analysis and validation that NASA's required to go over. "So I guess I'll ask my colleagues on this committee, what are we going to do with this report? I know that we are going to see more details. But in the absence of mismanagement or technological show stoppers ... none of which the Augustine panel has indicated has occurred in this program, can any of us in good conscience recommend canceling the exploration systems development programs that Congress has funded and supported over the past four years?" Giffords said she did not see "the logic of scrapping what the nation has spent years and billions of dollars to develop." "And for the nation's sake, I hope we can break this cycle of false starts that was mentioned by many of my colleagues before," she said. "The future of America's human spaceflight is really at risk. And I'm hoping before the panel is dismantled we can get some real, solid numbers ... so we can make the decisions as to what to do with our future in manned spaceflight." Keeping the $75 billion International Space Station operational through at least 2020 seems to be a given regardless of which option is ultimately approved. In his written remarks to the Science and Technology Committee, Griffin reflected the views of many when he said "any discussion of decommissioning and deorbiting the ISS is irrelevant to the consideration of serious programmatic options." "The United States is now the majority owner of a 450 ton laboratory in space, a facility without compare," he wrote. "The fact that it took too long to build and that we spent more money on it than we should have is irrelevant to future decisions. We have it. We should use it to the maximum possible extent, for as long as we can make it last. "But we must also go beyond ISS. The existence of future exploration programs cannot be traded against sustenance of the ISS on an 'either-or' basis, as if that were a realistic option. If the nation is to have a viable human spaceflight program, the requirement to sustain ISS while also developing new systems to go beyond low Earth orbit is the minimally necessary standard. If the nation can no longer meet that standard, then it should be so stated, in which case any further discussion of U.S. human exploration beyond LEO (low-Earth orbit) is moot for the next two decades." 4:00 PM, 9/10/09, Update: ATK test fires Ares 1 five-segment booster With the future of NASA's embattled moon program in doubt, Alliant Techsystems test fired a huge five-segment solid-fuel booster in Utah Thursday, a ground-shaking demonstration designed to collect performance data for a new rocket intended to replace the space shuttle. Generating 22 million horsepower, the lengthened 154-foot-long shuttle booster ignited with a torrent of flame at 3 p.m. EDT, sending a towering column of dirty brown exhaust into the Utah sky as hundreds of spectators looked on. Two minutes later, after consuming 1.4 million pounds of solid propellant, the rocket burned out. "After witnessing what we just saw, it's pretty easy to become speechless," said Alex Priskos, first stage manager for Ares Projects at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. "That was quite remarkable. This did exactly what we wanted to do. We are confident we're going to get all the data we wanted to get out of this test. I think the team did a great job, we got the test we wanted to get. ... We are very, very pleased. The data looks great." ATK's five-segment DM-1 booster is test fired in Utah. (Photo: Alliant Techsystems) Said Charles Precourt, vice president and general manager of space launch systems for ATK: "It's a very humbling experience when you think about harnessing the kind of energy we just unleashed today, 3.6 million pounds of thrust. Our engineers in the back rooms are ecstatic, the preliminary indications look wonderful." NASA plans to use a five-segment shuttle booster as the first stage of its Ares I rocket, one of two being designed as part of the post-shuttle Constellation program. Carrying a hydrogen-fueled second stage, the Ares I is designed to boost Orion crew capsules into low-Earth orbit for flights to the International Space Station and eventual trips to the moon. Two five-segment boosters would be used to help launch a huge new unmanned rocket called the Ares V designed to loft Altair lunar landers into orbit. After docking with an Orion capsule, the Ares V would boost the combined spacecraft to the moon. NASA hopes to establish long-duration research stations on the moon in the early 2020s. But a presidential panel reviewing manned space flight options submitted an executive summary to the White House earlier this week saying NASA does not have enough money in its projected budget to pay for the Constellation program. In a list of five options, the panel strongly favored development of commercial launch vehicles and capsules, although no such systems currently exist and even though shuttle boosters have chalked up a record of just one failure in 256 launchings. Until the White House and the Office of Science and Technology Policy make a decision on what space architecture to support, NASA is pressing ahead with development of the Constellation program and the Ares 1 rocket. An Ares 1-X test rocket, made up of a standard four-segment shuttle booster, a dummy second stage and a mock-up of an Orion capsule, currently is stacked and undergoing check out in the Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center. NASA plans to launch the rocket from complex 39B around Oct. 31. "Here in another six weeks or so, we're going to be taking the next great step with a flight test of the prototype of this vehicle," said Precourt, a former shuttle commander. "We're just really, really thrilled we've achieved this milestone." 01:45, 9/10/09, Update: Japan launches new station cargo craft on maiden flight The Japanese space agency successfully launched a powerful new rocket Thursday carrying an unmanned space station cargo ship on a complex maiden voyage to deliver some 7,400 pounds of equipment and supplies to the orbital outpost. With four strap-on boosters gushing white-hot exhaust and a pair of hydrogen-fueled main engines roaring at full throttle, the H-2B rocket thundered away from launch pad 2 at the Tanegashima Space Center in southern Japan at 1:01:46 p.m. EDT. "The launch was beautiful," Stephen Clark, a U.S. journalist representing Spaceflight Now, said in an instant message. "The boosters lit with the typical orange glow and away she went. The rocket went into a thick cloud layer around 25 seconds after liftoff, but the rumble shook us for a couple minutes more." The H-2B's first and second stages worked as planned and 15 minutes after liftoff, the HTV cargo craft was released into its planned preliminary orbit, prompting an enthusiastic round of applause in the Japanese control center. The $680 million mission represents a critical milestone for the post-shuttle space station program as NASA and its international partners work to keep the lab complex resupplied after the space shuttle is retired late next year. Japan's new H-2B rocket blasts off from the Tanegashima Space Center. (Credit: Stephen Clark/Spaceflight Now) The HTV cargo craft, developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, or JAXA, as a contribution to the station program, measures some 32 feet long, 14.4 feet wide and weighs some 23,000 pounds when carrying a full 13,200-pound load of cargo. For its maiden flight, the HTV-1 is carrying about 3.5 metric tons of equipment and supplies. Unlike Russian Progress supply ships of the European Space Agency's automated transfer vehicle, or ATV, the Japanese HTV features a pressurized section accessible by the station crew and an unpressurized cargo bay to carry experiments and hardware that can be mounted on the station's hull. And unlike the Progress and the ATV, the Japanese ship is not designed to dock with the station on its own. Instead, the spacecraft autonomously maneuvers to a position just below the station and waits for the lab's robot arm to grapple it and move it to a docking port. "On this particular flight, we've got about two-and-a-half tons of pressurized cargo flying to orbit and almost a metric ton of payloads externally coming to ISS," said space station Program Manager Mike Suffredini. "So it's a significant amount of up mass to us and it's not only important logistics for the crew, which is a major part of the pressurized capability, but also quite a bit of payloads. "Almost 20 percent of the pressurized volume is research hardware. Also, the two payloads externally (in the cargo bay) are very unique and new capabilities for ISS. There's been quite a bit of talk about the use of ISS for Earth research and in fact, the two payloads flying ... are intended to do that very thing." One of the payloads in the HTV's unpressurized cargo bay is a NASA experiment to map the constituents of the upper atmosphere and the other is a JAXA payload designed to study the effects of trace gases on the ozone layer. Both will be extracted from the HTV cargo bay by the station's robot arm and installed on an external porch by a Japanese robot arm on the Kibo lab module. "Those are very critical things for us to understand relative to understanding our environment and how we affect it and it's good to be able to finally start having this kind of research on board ISS," Suffredini said. The HTV-1 cargo craft. (Credit: JAXA) Not only is the flight a maiden voyage for the HTV, it's also the maiden flight of Japan's new H-2B rocket, a much more powerful version of JAXA's hydrogen-fueled H-2A booster. The new rocket features four strap-on solid-fuel boosters instead of two and two hydrogen-fueled first stage engines instead of one. The upper stage features a single hydrogen-powered engine. "The H-2B launch vehicle is the largest new model rocket in Japan to maintain and improve the previous high reliability of the H-2A launch vehicle," said Masazumi Miyake, a JAXA project manager. "We are so proud of taking this new responsibility to provide cargo transportation capability to ISS program. HTV-1 has opened up a new horizon for JAXA in its undertaking of human spaceflight activities. JAXA is now entering a new era." JAXA currently plans to build and launch one HTV craft per year, although the agency could support two flights annually if necessary. The HTV-1 flight plan calls for a full week of orbital tests and checkout before final approach to the space station, including tests to exercise the craft's abort modes. Capture is planned for flight day eight. Final approach will begin at a point about 3.1 miles directly behind the International Space Station. The HTV-1 will maneuver itself to a position about 1,000 feet below the lab complex and then carry out a 180-degree yaw maneuver to permit an abort, if necessary, when the craft is closer to the station. The HTV-1 cargo craft, positioned for capture. (Credit: JAXA) From there, it will continue the approach to a point about 100 feet below the station and pause once again before proceeding to the capture point just 29 feet from the laboratory complex. At that point, with the HTV-1 in free drift, station flight engineer Nicole Stott will use the lab's robot arm to lock onto a grapple fixture. Canadian astronaut Robert Thirsk then will take over and guide the HTV-1 to a docking at the Harmony module's nadir, or Earth-facing, port. "A few minutes after capture, Bob Thirsk will begin positioning HTV for inspection of its passive common berthing mechanism, or PCBM," said station Flight Director Dana Weigel. "During this time period, the HTV team will take all of HTV's free flight systems to a dormant mode in preparation for the attached phase. "The crew will perform the PCBM inspection from the nadir hatch window. When the inspection is complete, the HTV will be positioned for berthing with (flight engineer) Frank De Winne operating the berthing mechanism latches. After berthing, the crew will install all the power and data connections and then overnight, the ground will activate the vehicle." The HTV-1 features triple redundancy in critical systems, but an abort will be automatically implemented if two failures occur in a common system. "All the aborts the vehicle does look the same, they have the same magnitude, so it's very simplistic in terms of the type of burn, what the vehicle's trying to do," Weigel said. "In terms of criteria for an abort, if the vehicle suffered two system failures in a common system, for example, if I had two propulsion strings that went down, in that case I'd still have a third string but that's my only remaining string, the vehicle would automatically do an abort. "So the overall philosophy is that any point I get down to zero fault tolerance for a certain given critical system, the vehicle will automatically do an abort." The day after capture, the crew will open hatches between Harmony and the HTV and begin moving equipment and supplies into the station. "HTV's going to deliver food, laptops, payloads, the Japanese small flying arm and a number of other key items," Weigel said. "A few days after capture, we'll begin our exposed pallet operations and the transfer of the two payloads." The two experiments mounted in the HTV's unpressurized cargo bay are mounted on a sliding shelf. The station's robot arm will grapple the platform, pull it out and move it over to the outboard end of the Kibo lab module. At that point, De Winne will use Kibo's robot arm to move the experiments to an external porch, plugging them into power and data ports. The day after the transfer, the station arm will move the empty experiment pallet back to the HTV and re-insert it in the cargo bay. After removing the equipment and supplies delivered aboard the HTV, the astronauts will prepare it for undocking and re-entry. "Bob Thirsk will be flying the station arm," Weigel said. "He'll position HTV at the release position, that's about 12 meters (40 feet) below the station. During this maneuver and while HTV is at the release point, the HTV flight control team will re-activate all the free fight systems that were dormant during the attached phase. "Once we get the vehicle to the release position, the SSRMS will release it and then back away. The crew will then send a retreat command, which activates (HTV's) propulsion system and starts a series of four burns. HTV intitally moves away along the r-bar (directly below) and then it moves out in front of ISS. "It'll do a series of deorbit and re-entry burns and then about two days after release, HTV will re-enter Earth's atmosphere ... over the southern portion of the Pacific Ocean." 3:30 PM, 9/9/09, Update: Repaired Hubble Space Telescope back in action NASA scientists showed off spectacular new pictures from the Hubble Space Telescope Wednesday, a stunning gallery of remote galaxies, an enormous globular cluster packed with countless pinpoint stars and a dying sun blowing off its outer atmosphere in butterfly-like wings of debris. The pictures clearly show the fabled telescope is back in action and resuming its role as one of the most productive observatories on or off the planet, thanks to a dramatic five-spacewalk shuttle repair mission last May. Planetary nebula NGC 6302, a star in the final stages of its life, in a dramatic new photo from the repaired Hubble Space Telescope. (Photo: NASA) "Every field of astrophysics, whether it's our local neighborhood of planets, nearby stars and their attendant planets, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, out to the edge of the universe, every field has questions that are awaiting the power of Hubble," said astronomer Heidi Hammel, senior research scientist at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo. "You're only getting the tiniest taste of what the astronomers are planning to do with Hubble over as many years as it can last. "We're giddy with the quality of the data that we have with this new telescope," she said. "We're especially excited to have the spectrographic data restored to Hubble. ... We are entering a new era of astronomy. Hubble's new beginning is just setting the stage for what's going to be coming." A portion of the Omega Centauri globular star cluster as viewed by the Hubble Space Telescope. (Photo: NASA) Optical and near-infrared views showing the interior of a star-forming region. (Photo: NASA) The shuttle Atlantis roared into orbit May 11 on a fifth and final mission to service and upgrade the space telescope. The flight was canceled by former Administrator Sean O'Keefe in the wake of the 2003 Columbia disaster because heat shield repair techniques were not available and because a Hubble crew, operating in a different orbit, could not seek safe haven aboard the space station if a major problem prevented a safe re-entry. Michael Griffin, O'Keefe's successor, reinstated the repair mission after spacewalking astronauts demonstrated heat shield repair techniques. He also ordered engineers to process a second shuttle in parallel to serve as an emergency rescue vehicle if needed. During Atlantis' mission, four spacewalkers, working in two-man teams, carried out five back-to-back spacewalks to install six new stabilizing gyroscopes, six new nickel-hydrogen battery packs, a replacement data computer and two new instruments, the $131 million Wide Field Camera 3 and the $88 million Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. Like all modern Hubble instruments, both were equipped with corrective optics to counteract the spherical aberration that prevents Hubble's 94.5-inch mirror from achieving a sharp focus. The Atlantis astronauts also repaired two other instruments: the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, which suffered a power supply failure in 2004, and the Advanced Camera for Surveys, which broke down in 2007. Neither instrument was designed to be serviced in orbit, but engineers devised custom tools and an ingenious plan that allowed the spacewalkers to bypass the failed electronics. The repair crew also installed an upgraded fine guidance sensor, new insulation and a grapple fixture that will permit attachment of a rocket motor or even NASA's new Orion manned spacecraft in the future to drive Hubble out of orbit when it is no longer able to do science. "Bottom line, these professionals left Hubble as a new state-of-the-art telescope," said Ed Weiler, NASA's associate administrator for space science. "This is the fifth time we've had a new telescope up there, capable of continuing its historic scientific journey for at least five more years and, I would bet, a long time after that." While enormous ground-based telescopes currently on the drawing boards will dwarf Hubble's relatively modest mirror, Weiler said its position above the atmosphere guarantees it will remain at the forefront of astronomy for years to come. Along with unparalleled wide-field views of the cosmos, "the other thing Hubble can do that can never, ever be done from the ground is imaging in the ultraviolet and imaging in some of the near infrared wavelengths of light," Hammel said. "Because our Earth's atmosphere absorbsÊthe photons before they get to the surface of the Earth. "So you could make a football field-sized telescope and never collect a photon because they aren't there. Hubble is absolutely unique, we must have a telescope in space to complement the very large telescopes on the ground. Hubble is absolutely unique at those wavelengths. Nothing else can do it." Asked to predict how Hubble will be remembered a century from now, senior Project Scientist David Leckrone said "we need to be humble. But in all humility, I truly believe that Hubble has fundamentally changed the course of modern astronomy and astrophysics. And it's taken it in new directions." "I think we have basically shoved aside the old textbooks and the old concepts of the universe we live inÊthat were based entirely on this distorted view we have through the Earth's atmosphere. And we have laid a foundation of clear vision that is the starting point from which all future UV/optical and near-infrared astronomy will proceed." NASA spent some $887 million on the final Hubble servicing mission, pushing the total cost of the project to around $10 billion wince its inception in the late 1970s. 7:45 PM, 9/8/09, Update: Augustine panel presents five manned space options; concludes none viable without significant new funding, long-term commitment A presidential panel assessing U.S. manned space flight presented five options to the White House today, ranging from NASA's current plan to build outposts on the moon to a "flexible path" approach to explore a variety of targets in the inner solar system. But in its executive summary, the panel warned that without significant additional funding and a long-term commitment to exploration, none of the options is viable. "The Committee has found two executable options that comply with the FY 2010 budget," the panel wrote in its executive summary. "However, neither allows for a viable exploration program. In fact, the Committee finds that no plan compatible with the FY 2010 budget profile permits human exploration to continue in any meaningful way." The Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee, chaired by former Lockheed Martin CEO Norman Augustine, was set up by the Obama administration to examine NASA's current plans for retiring the shuttle, completing the space station and returning to the moon, as well as alternative strategies for moving beyond low-Earth orbit. The committee also considered how long NASA and its partners should operate the International Space Station. NASA currently has no money in its projected downstream budget to operate the space station beyond 2015. In its executive summary - the group's final report is not yet complete - the panel did not make any recommendations. Instead, it listed five options, or architectures, and the pros and cons associated with each. The first two options assume NASA is forced to live within current 2010 budget projections. In Option No. 1, essentially the Bush administration's Constellation program, the International Space Station would be deorbited in 2015 and a new Ares I rocket would be developed to launch Orion crew capsules to low-Earth orbit. NASA then would develop a huge heavy lift Ares V rocket to boost Orion capsules and Altair lunar landers to the moon for long-term exploration starting in the early 2020s. The Augustine panel notes that this option was effectively derailed by previous budget cuts that withdrew expected funding. If NASA is forced to live within the current budget projection, "Ares I and Orion are not available until after the ISS has been de-orbited," the panel concluded. "The heavy-lift vehicle, Ares V, is not available until the late 2020s, and worse, there are insufficient funds to develop the lunar lander and lunar surface systems until well into the 2030s, if ever." A second "constrained budget" option calls for NASA to operate the space station until 2020. Under this scenario, the space agency would forego development of the Ares I rocket and instead rely on private industry to develop manned spacecraft to reach low-Earth orbit. NASA would develop a manned heavy lift rocket called Ares (Lite). "The option assumes shuttle (retirement) in FY 2011, and it includes a technology development program, a program to develop commercial crew services to low-Earth orbit, and funds for enhanced utilization of ISS," the panel wrote. "This option does not deliver heavy-lift capability until the late 2020s and does not have funds to develop the systems needed to land on or explore the Moon." The remaining three options, and several variants, all assume the White House and Congress approve additional funding, increasing NASA's budget to $3 billion a year above the current projections by fiscal 2014 and then growing with inflation at 2.4 percent per year. Under that scenario, assuming the shuttle is retired in 2011 and the station deorbited in 2015, NASA could, in fact, press ahead with the current Constellation program. But the Ares I/Orion vehicle would not be ready before 2017 and manned flights to the moon would slip into the mid 2020s. Option No. 4, known as "Moon First," would extend the station through 2020 and retain the moon as the nation's primary target beyond low-Earth orbit. But it would rely on development of commercial access to low-Earth orbit. Two variants were considered. In one, Option 4A, the shuttle is retired and NASA develops the Ares V (Lite) rocket to boost manned spacecraft to the moon. In Option 4B, the shuttle program is extended through 2015 at a "minimum safe flight rate" and a new heavy lifter based on shuttle technology is developed to reach the moon. In both of the "Moon First" variants, astronauts could return to the moon by the mid 2020s. Option No. 5, the one the Augustine panel seems to favor, represents a so-called "flexible path" architecture that would explore the inner solar system with long-duration flights to a variety of targets, ranging from lunar orbit to the moons of Mars. The long-range goals could include lunar landings and eventual flights to Mars itself. There are three variants to option No. 5, differing only in which heavy lift rocket is used: Ares V (Lite), an evolved expendable launch vehicle, or EELV, or a shuttle-derived rocket. "All variants of Option 5 begin exploration along the flexible path in the early 2020s, with lunar fly-bys, visits to Lagrange points and near-Earth objects and Mars fly-bys occurring at a rate of about one major event per year, and possible rendezvous with MarsÕs moons or human lunar return by the mid to late 2020s," the panel wrote. The panel concluded: "Human exploration beyond low-Earth orbit is not viable under the FY 2010 budget guideline. "Meaningful human exploration is possible under a less constrained budget, ramping to approximately $3 billion per year above the FY 2010 guidance in total resources. "Funding at the increased level would allow either an exploration program to explore Moon First or one that follows a Flexible Path of exploration. Either could produce results in a reasonable timeframe." But it will not be easy, even with additional funding. The project gap between the end of shuttle operations and the debut of a new spacecraft to replace it will stretch at least seven years, the panel said. A heavy-lift rocket is a requirement for any exploration scenario and in all but a few cases, so is development of commercial access to low-Earth orbit. "Commercial services to deliver crew to low-Earth orbit are within reach," the panel wrote. "While this presents some risk, it could provide an earlier capability at lower initial and lifecycle costs than government could achieve. A new competition with adequate incentives should be open to all U.S. aerospace companies. This would allow NASA to focus on more challenging roles, including human exploration beyond low-Earth orbit, based on the continued development of the current or modified Orion spacecraft." The panel stressed that Mars remains the "ultimate destination" for human exploration of the inner solar system. "But it is not the best first destination." "Both visiting the Moon First and following the Flexible Path are viable exploration strategies," the panel wrote. "The two are not necessarily mutually exclusive; before traveling to Mars, we might be well served to both extend our presence in free space and gain experience working on the lunar surface." The panel's full report is expected to be presented to the White House around the end of the month. When the Obama administration might act is not yet known. 5:30 PM, 9/2/09, Update: Laliberte outlines 'poetic social mission' to space station Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberte, training for a nine-day stay aboard the International Space Station next month, said Wednesday he plans to orchestrate a five-continent, 14-city extravaganza Oct. 9 as part of his "poetic social mission" to raise awareness of water as a critical cultural and environmental issue. "As soon as I arrive on board of the International Space Station, I will actively prepare my segment of a planetary artistic event that will happen on Oct. 9, two days before I land back on Earth," Laliberte said during a webcast from Moscow. "On Oct. 9, for 120 minutes - just a little longer in time than it takes to circle the Earth in space - we will be presenting a unique artistic event in 14 cities on five continents and space. Beginning in Montreal, closing in Moscow, we will travel the world, unveiling part of a poetic tale to a voice of international personality. We will also be presenting ... artistic presentations linked to water as an inspiration and as a source of life." Among those Laliberte said had agreed to participate are former Vice President Al Gore, U2, Shakira, Canadian astronaut Julie Payette and Peter Gabriel. The theme of the production is "Moving Stars and Earth for Water." Guy Laliberte, in a lighter moment, during training for launch to the space station. (Photo: Space Adventures Ltd.) "They will take part in the event either by reading part of the poetic tale, performing, or sharing an artistic work," Laliberte said. "At the heart of the mission is a poetic tale. "People will have access to a great poem, a great tale that will star the moon, the sun and a drop of water," he said. The program will focus on the "life sustaining powers of water, the importance of water in agriculture and food security, water pollution ... access to water as a human right, the crisis of melting polar ice caps, the infinite fragility and beauty of the blue planet," he said. "I truly believe that through art, an artistic event, you can touch the heart of people. I truly believe that through emotion, it stays longer in the head and soul of people. And then change can take place." By coincidence or not, Oct. 9 also is the day NASA's Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite is scheduled to crash into a permanently shadowed crater near the moon's south pole in a dramatic project to look for signs of water ice in the lunar soil. Soil and debris blasted from the surface by the impact of LCROSS and its Centaur upper stage booster will be studied for evidence as to whether ice is present on the moon. Laliberte's production is scheduled to begin roughly 12 hours later, at 8 p.m. EDT, in Montreal, Moscow, Santa Monica, Calif., New York City, Johannesburg, Mumbai, India, Marrakesh, Morocco, Sydney, Tokyo, Tampa, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Paris, London and the International Space Station. "Every special event in each city will feature an artistic performance, a poetic tale reader and some videography of the artistic elements of water," Laliberte said. "In my 25 years at Cirque du Soleil, I've met and worked with some amazing artists, individuals and leaders. I knew that I could call on them when the time was right. I am so impressed that they have generously (agreed) to participate in my mission." Laliberte, a Canadian worth an estimated $2.5 billion, is believed to be paying upward of $35 million to visit the International Space Station as a "spaceflight participant," or space tourist, in a deal with the Russian space agency arranged through Space Adventures Ltd. He is scheduled for launch Sept. 30 aboard the Soyuz TMA-16 spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. His crewmates will be rookie spacecraft commander Maxim Suraev, a colonel in the Russian air force, and NASA astronaut Jeffrey Williams, a shuttle veteran making his second long-duration voyage on the station. Laliberte will spend nine days aboard the lab complex before returning to Earth aboard the Soyuz TMA-14 capsule Oct. 11 with outgoing station commander Gennady Padalka and NASA flight engineer Michael Barratt. Williams and Suraev will remain aboard the space station as part of the Expedition 21 crew. 9:00 PM, 8/25/09, Update: LCROSS lunar mission malfunction assessed Engineers are investigating what caused a malfunction aboard NASA's innovative Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS, that caused the probe to use an excessive amount of rocket fuel to maintain the proper orientation in space. But officials say the spacecraft "still contains sufficient fuel to complete the full mission." The $79 million LCROSS was launched June 18 as a companion payload to NASA's $504 million Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft, currently undergoing checkout and calibration in lunar orbit. The LRO mission is designed to create a high-resolution map of the moon's surface to help identify sites for future manned missions. It also will measure the solar and cosmic radiation that future lunar explorers will face and map out the surface topology, mineralogy and chemical composition of Earth's nearest neighbor. One year will be spent scouting future landing sites followed by three years of purely scientific observations. While LRO was launched directly to the moon, LCROSS was sent into a looping four-month orbit back around the Earth. The spacecraft is designed to aim itself and its Centaur upper stage rocket back at the moon, targeting a permanently shadowed crater near the south pole for a dramatic crash landing Oct. 9. With LRO looking on from lunar orbit, the 5,000-pound Centaur is expected to hit the dark surface at some 5,600 mph, blasting out a 66-foot-wide crater some 13 feet deep. The debris excavated by the impact will be blown high above the lunar surface, some of it above the crater's rim and into sunlight for the first time in two billion years or more. LCROSS, following close behind the Centaur on a virtually identical course, will fly through the debris cloud, spending four precious minutes studying the composition of the material and looking for signs of water ice with a suite of nine instruments. Then it, too, will crash to the moon less than two miles away after dutifully transmitting its data back to Earth. The Hubble Space Telescope will monitor the impact, as will amateur and professional astronomers in the western hemisphere, looking for the flash that will signal the Centaur's demise. LCROSS has been operating normally during its cruise phase, but during a communications session on Aug. 22, engineers discovered a problem of some sort had triggered a fault in the spacecraft's inertial reference unit, or IRU. The IRU is used by the probe's attitude control system to determine its orientation in space. The fault in the IRU caused LCROSS to use a star tracker for attitude information instead and that, in turn, "caused the spacecraft's thruster to fire excessively, consuming a substantial amount of fuel," NASA said in a statement. "LCROSS mission operations declared a 'spacecraft emergency' and were allocated additional communications time on the Deep Space Network," the statement said. "The team conducted procedures to mitigate the problem and were able to restart the IRU and reduce fuel consumption to a nominal level. Automatic operations procedures also were implemented to minimize the possibility of another IRU anomaly from occurring while the spacecraft is out of contact with the ground. Since the re-start, IRU has not experienced any additional problems. "The team continues to actively assess and mitigate the situation and is in contact with the manufacturers of the IRU and star tracker to investigate the root cause of the problems. Mission managers remain optimistic the LCROSS mission can reach its successful conclusion with projected impact at the lunar south pole currently set for 4:30 a.m. PDT on Oct. 9, 2009." 7:45 AM, 8/17/09, Update: Final Air Force Delta 2 rocket carries GPS satellite into orbit Putting on a spectacular dawn sky show, a workhorse United Launch Alliance Delta 2 rocket carrying a Global Positioning System navigation satellite streaked into orbit early Monday in the final Air Force launch of the venerable booster. After a smooth countdown, the Delta 2's main engine and six of its nine solid-fuel strap-on boosters roared to life at 6:35 a.m. EDT, instantly pushing the slender blue-and-white rocket away from launch complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Taking off 18 minutes before sunrise, the Delta 2 climbed away through a pinkish-orange sky, streaking past the crescent moon and Venus and then into direct sunlight, its exhaust trail turning brilliant white atop a tongue of flame from the rocket's solid-fuel boosters. The rocket's arcing trajectory was a familiar sight to residents along Florida's "Space Coast," the 108th launching of a Delta 2 from Cape Canaveral since flights began in 1989, but one of the most spectacular in recent memory thanks to the pre-dawn lighting and a generally clear sky. The final Air Force Delta 2 rocket blasts off. (Credit: Stephen Clark/Spaceflight Now) The Delta 2 closed out the Air Force program with a flawless flight, the 89th in a row over the past 12 years since a failure in 1997, successfully boosting the GPS 2R-21 satellite into its planned orbit. The Delta 2 record now stands at 142 successes in 144 flights. Overall, this was the 343rd Delta rocket launch since 1960. According to Spaceflight Now, this was: The seventh Delta launch in 2009 The 144th Delta 2 rocket mission since 1989 The 69th Delta 2 rocket fly in the 7925 configuration The 60th GPS satellite to launch The 49th time a Delta 2 has launched with a GPS satellite The 21st GPS Block 2R satellite The 108th Delta 2 rocket to fly from Cape Canaveral The 62nd Delta 2 launch from pad 17A Seven more Delta 2 missions are planned, five from the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California and two from Cape Canaveral, five of them for NASA payloads and two for commercial customers. But today's flight was the final chapter in an Air Force program developed in the wake of the 1986 Challenger disaster specifically to boost GPS satellites into orbit. The next generation of Global Positioning System satellites will be carried by more powerful Delta 4 and Atlas 5 rockets starting early next year. "While we celebrate the tremendous success the Delta 2 rocket has provided the Air Force over the past many years, we are saddened to say goodbye to what we feel like is a very dear friend," Mission Director John Wagner told reporters before launch. "The Delta 2 rocket provided the military a highly reliable and capable launch service that has directly contributed to our warfighting capability and national defense." The Air Force now plans to disband the 1st Space Launch Squadron at the Cape Canaveral Air Force station, which managed Delta 2 launches for the Air Force. "With this mission, the 45th Space Wing is accomplishing another major milestone in our national quest to improve and maintain our space capabilities," said Lt. Col. Erik Bowman, the Air Force launch director. "The GPS constellation has tremendous national security and economic importance. This launch is one of the many ways space operators, and the 45th Space Wing specially, contribute to ongoing combat operations overseas. "We are planning on inactivating the 1st Space Launch Squadron the day after the GPS 2R-21 launch," Bowman said. "After that, we'll be permitting many of our facilities over to NASA to support its Delta 2 missions." NASA plans to launch a space tracking demonstration flight for the Missile Defense Agency on September 15 and a lunar mission in 2011 to study the moon's gravity field. 9:25 PM, 8/12/09, Update: Augustine panel narrows options; Constellation 'not executable' with current funding A presidential panel wrapping up a review of options for future U.S. manned space flight operations delivered a grim assessment today, showing NASA's current plan to retire the shuttle, finish the space station and return to the moon by the early 2020s is not even remotely feasible without a significant increase in funding. "Our view is that it will be difficult with the current budget to do anything that's terribly inspiring in the human spaceflight area," said Norman Augustine, chairman of the Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee. Augustine's committee was set up by the Obama administration to examine NASA's current plans for retiring the shuttle, completing the space station and returning to the moon as well as alternative strategies for moving beyond low-Earth orbit. The committee also is assessing how long NASA and its partners should operate the International Space Station. NASA currently has no money in its projected downstream budget to operate the space station beyond 2015. The Augustine committee believes the station cannot be operated without direct U.S. mission control and management and that it will cost some $1.5 billion to safely drive the huge complex out of orbit at the end of its life, whenever that might be. NASA's current long-range plan, developed in the wake of the 2003 Columbia disaster as a Bush administration initiative, is to complete the space station, retire the shuttle fleet and develop a new Orion crew capsule that will be launched to the station by Ares 1 rockets. During the gap between shuttle operations and the debut of Ares-1/Orion, U.S. astronauts will have to hitch rides to the station aboard Russian Soyuz rockets. NASA managers have assumed all along the station program would be extended and Ares 1/Orion would be used to deliver crews and supplies. NASA also plans to develop a huge new unmanned heavy lift rocket called the Ares 5 that eventually will boost Orion capsules and Altair lunar landers to the moon for long-duration exploration. But during a final public hearing today in Washington, the Augustine panel provided a sobering look at NASA's projected budget and the requirements of various manned space flight scenarios. Considering the Constellation program as the "program of record," panel member and former astronaut Sally Ride said NASA would need an additional $50 billion or so through 2020 to implement the program as currently planned. This scenario is known as the "unconstrained budget" case. It assumes the shuttle is retired on schedule and that the space station is deorbited in early 2016, an option no one on the panel seems to favor. In that scenario, the new Orion/Ares 1 system would have no destination until the Ares 5 heavy lifter debuted and moon flights began after 2021. "In the unconstrained budget, Orion and Ares 1 arrive shortly after ISS is deorbited," Ride said. "And then you get human lunar return in 2021." Assuming NASA is forced to live within the 2010 budget guidelines provided by the Obama administration, the Ares 5 heavy lift moon rocket would not be ready until the 2028 timeframe. "You get, again, Orion and Ares 1 capability of crew to LEO a couple of years after ISS is gone, so there's nothing for Ares 1 and Orion to go to," Ride said. "You do get heavy lift (Ares 5) out in 2028, but you'll notice there are no lunar systems that have been developed, there was not enough money to even start the lunar systems. "So you have a heavy lift vehicle in 2028 but absolutely nothing to put in it to send to the moon. So this says it pretty well. You cannot do this program on this budget. If you want to do something, you have to have the money to do it." The Office of Management and Budget deleted more than $3 billion from NASA's long-range budget projections - money needed for development of the Ares 5 heavy lifter - last spring, before the Augustine panel was formed. Putting that $3 billion a year back in the budget would put the Constellation program back on track for a return to the moon in the 2020s, but it would still require the termination of space station operations in early 2016. "We had quite a discussion about what budget line to choose," Ride said of the "enhanced budget" scenario. "We decided to kind of split the difference. We didn't want to make that budget line too small because then we were afraid we would not be able to accomplish any exploration. We didn't want to make it too large because then we would just be laughed off the stage. "So it ramps up slowly to $3 billion a year over the budget that we've been given. Then it stays at a constant $3 billion a year over that budget out until 2020 and then we allow that redline to grow with inflation at a rate of 2.4 percent per year." Under that scenario, NASA could return astronauts to the moon in the 2025 timeframe, resulting in a program very similar to what was originally envisioned for Constellation. But even an additional $3 billion a year would not cover space station operations past 2015. NASA's international partners in the project - Russia, Japan, Canada and the European Space Agency - want to extend station operations at least through 2020, a goal Augustine panel members endorsed today. If the White House ultimately adopts an "ISS-focused" approach, development of the Ares 1 rocket likely would be suspended because money needed for the booster's development would be funneled into space station operations instead. Under this scenario, the Ares 1 would not be available until near the end of the station's life. Instead, the Augustine panel favors development of commercial rockets and capsules to ferry astronauts to and from low-Earth orbit, a major departure from past practice. Along with presenting options for lunar exploration and extension of the space station, the Augustine panel also is assessing the tradeoffs associated with flying one or two shuttle missions a year past 2011 to reduce the gap before new rocket systems are developed. Finally, the panel is assessing options for deep space exploration that might bypass the moon in favor of near-Earth asteroids, lunar reconnaissance flybys and even flybys of Mars, with "off ramps" for development of systems for use on the lunar surface and eventual manned landings on Mars. In this family of scenarios, a slightly different version of the Ares 5 would be used and the rocket would be "man rated" to carry astronauts. The Ares 1 rocket would not be developed for any of these cases. "We kept coming up with a common theme, which is this budget is very, very, very hard to fit and still have an exploration program," Ride said. "In fact, we are still looking for an existence proof that we can actually find one. We haven't found one yet, but we're still looking." The panel agreed that Mars is the ultimate objective for human spaceflight in the foreseeable future, but members decided to stop short of suggesting budgets or timetables, concluding manned flights to Mars are simply beyond the scope of current planning. Augustine said he plans to brief the Office of Management and Budget on the proposed options Friday. The commission's report is scheduled to be completed by the end of the month. When the Obama administration might act on the options is unknown, but the goal of the review was to assess scenarios before the next budget cycle this fall. 12:08 PM, 7/17/09, Update: Cirque du Soleil founder eager to visit space station JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, Houston--Guy Laliberte, a former street entertainer who founded the enormously successful Cirque du Soleil, says he doesn't plan any fire eating or stilt walking aboard the International Space Station when he visits this fall. But he might try to teach his crewmates a few card tricks if he can figure out how to do it in weightlessness. "Take out the fire part!" he laughed during a news conference Thursday at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. "I think this is out of the question by far. The stilts, I don't know how we we'll be using stilts up there. "But I think there are a couple of little things, hopefully, that I have learned in my career of street entertainer that I will try to apply up there. ... I think I will be more like a kid in a candy store discovering things that those guys (professional astronauts already) know. "I know what I can do on Earth, but what I'm really interested in is learning what their world is," he said. "Maybe I'll teach them a couple of tricks of cards, but I don't know in weightlessness how those things can take place." Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Lalilberte (left), astronaut Jeffrey Williams (center) and Soyuz commander Maxim Suraev (right)are scheduled for launch to the International Space Station at the end of September. (Photo: NASA) Laliberte, a Canadian worth an estimated $2.5 billion, is believed to be paying upward of $35 million to visit the International Space Station as a "spaceflight participant," or space tourist, in a deal with the Russian space agency arranged through Space Adventures Ltd. He is scheduled for launch Sept. 30 aboard the Soyuz TMA-16 spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. His crewmates will be rookie spacecraft commander Maxim Suraev, a colonel in the Russian air force, and NASA astronaut Jeffrey Williams, a shuttle veteran making his second long-duration voyage on the station. Laliberte will spend nine days aboard the lab complex before returning to Earth aboard the Soyuz TMA-14 capsule Oct. 11 with outgoing station commander Gennady Padalka and NASA flight engineer Michael Barratt. Williams and Suraev will remain aboard the space station as part of the Expedition 21 crew. "First of all, I would like to say how privileged and honored I am to be flying with these two men," Laliberte said in Houston, where he is training for his upcoming flight. "I feel totally confident. They have been generous sharing with me their knowledge and their advice." He said his primary objective is to complete his training, pass the exams and make sure he can take care of himself without bothering the station's professional astronauts. "The first time that we met I said my intention, my first priority, is to be able to take care of myself up there," Laliberte said. "They helped me to focus on what I should know. At the end, I don't think I'll be a burden. I'm there and I'm committed, I'm a perfectionist. I intend to be ready. "Yes, I'll probably need help at certain moments," he said. "But I think I'll be a contributer to the success of that mission. Hopefully I'll be well received. I intend to behave as a guest who has good manners. Simple as that." Laliberte is the founder of the One Drop Foundation, dedicated to improving water conservation. He said he plans to hold a news conference in August to discuss his "Poetic Social Mission" to the space station and to unveil its theme and objectives. He would not discuss specifics Wednesday, but the One Drop web site says "Laliberte's mission in space is dedicated to making an impact on how water, our most precious resource, is protected and shared. And he will be applying tools he has used so well for most of his life to bring about change: arts and culture." While some professional astronauts have complained in the past that space tourists have no place on the station, Williams and Suraev both said they welcomed Laliberte. "So far, my assessment has been very favorable," WIlliams said. "I think physically, mentally, emotionally he's getting himself prepared and he will be prepared for this adventure in his life." Said Suraev: "He is really very eager to fly and he is charged with a lot of positive energy. ... He's just a good guy. Since (meeting him) my opinion hasn't changed. As the flight participant, as a crew member, he's a very, very good candidate." Asked what he is looking forward to the most, Laliberte said "enjoying looking at planet Earth and space." "I think this is a great, great opportunity of inspiration," he said. "And I intend to inspire myself as much as possible. And also, I would say living a human experience with the people I will be up there (with) and living that moment fully like I do on Earth." He said his Poetic Social Mission "is a project that I'm very proud of, it is a mission that hopefully will bring and create awareness in regard to the situation of water around the world. As you know, I'm not a scientist, I'm not a doctor, I'm not an engineer. I'm an artist, a creator. And I'll try to accomplish this mission with my creativity and what life has given me as a tool." 07:10 PM, 6/27/09, Update: GOES satellite launched Running a day late because of stormy weather, a United Launch Alliance Delta 4 rocket boosted a new GOES weather satellite into space Saturday to serve as an orbital spare for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's fleet of hurricane-tracking weather sentinels. The Delta 4, equipped with two strap-on solid-fuel boosters, ignited with a rush of flame and smoke at 6:51 p.m. and quickly climbed away from launch complex 37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, arcing to the east and accelerating toward orbit. "Three, two, one and liftoff of the Delta 4 rocket with GOES-O, enhancing quality and reliability of the weather satellite for the forecaster," said NASA launch commentator George DIller. It was the 10th flight of a United Launch Alliance Delta 4 rocket and the second of three launchings planned for this year. A United Launch Alliance Delta 4 rocket carrying NOAA's GOES-O weather satellite roars to life. (Photo: NASA TV) A launch attempt Friday was called off because of thunderstorms and electrical activity near the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. More of the same was on tap today and forecasters initially predicted a 70 percent chance of a launch delay. Thunderstorms rolled over the launch pad during fueling but conditions improved as the afternoon wore on and after a 37-minute delay to allow a storm cell to move past to the south, NASA and United Launch Alliance proceeded with launch. The Delta 4's first stage performed normally, boosting the vehicle to an altitude of about 90 miles before falling away four-and-a-half minutes after liftoff. The rocket's second stage then lofted the spacecraft into an initial parking orbit before two additional firings needed to place the 7,000-pound GOES-O satellite into an elliptical transfer orbit with a high point of about 21,800 miles and a low point of 4,100 miles. Spacecraft separation was targeted for four hours and 21 minutes after launch. On-board thrusters will be used to put the satellite in its final circular orbit 22,300 miles above the equator. That milestone is expected July 8 and if all goes well, Boeing Space and Intelligence Systems will turn the satellite over to the government on July 18. The shuttle Endeavour, mounted atop pad 39A at the Kennedy Space Center, as the ULA Delta 4 rocket blasts off in the background. (Photo: NASA TV) The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite system provides the hemispheric views familiar from television weathercasts. Observations of the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the East Coast are provided by the GOES-12 satellite - critical for hurricane tracking - with GOES-11 providing similar coverage of the the West Coast and the central Pacific Ocean past Hawaii. GOES-O will be known as GOES-14 once on station, joining the GOES-13 satellite, launched three years ago, as an orbital spare. "GOES-O will provide another important operational asset to NOAA and will become part of the nation's infrastructure for both weather and environmental forecasting," said Steve Kirkner, GOES project manager at NASA. The latest GOES satellites feature an imaging system and a sounder that collects atmospheric data needed to predict surface and cloud-top temperatures, moisture content and ozone distribution. The imagers produce higher resolution pictures than earlier models, allowing forecasters to more accurately track small-scale features. "The things we're looking for, tornadoes and severe thunderstorms are very small in scale," said Joe Schaefer, director of NOAA's Storm Prediction Center in Norman, Okla. "The increased resolution and accuracy that these satellites will present will help us pinpoint what's happening, and if we know what's happening, we can do a better job of making short-term and long-term forecasts of where it's going to be." Along with saving lives, improved resolution can lower costs as well. "There's an old rule of thumb that if we can evacuate fewer people for a hurricane, for every mile we don't have to evacuate that saves you a million dollars on average," said Tom Wrublewski, technical acquisitions manager for the GOES project. "That translates into savings for you and I ... and being able to know where tornados and other storms are." Like all recent GOES satellites, the two newest models also include space environment sensors to measure energetic particles blown off by the sun, to monitor Earth's geomagnetic field and to look for X-ray and ultraviolet emissions from powerful solar flares that can disrupt communications. "GOES-O is going to better ensure that we have continuous coverage in the decade ahead, it's going to improve our imaging, atmospheric sounding, and our near-Earth space weather environmental measurements that are essential to accurate weather and solar forecasts," said Wrublewski. Along with improve hurricane tracking and forecasting, the new satellites will provide "clearer cloud top and wind products and also better detection of aerosols." "We'll be better able to watch where those volcanic plumes are going and that is very important to airline pilots not to foul their engines," he said. Engineers will check out the new satellite and calibrate its instruments over the next two months to make sure the spacecraft is functioning normally. The first visible-light full-disk image of the Earth is expected around July 28 and an X-ray instrument that will monitor solar flares will send down its initial test image Aug. 6. Once checkout is complete, the satellite will go into storage mode near GOES 13 to await call up as needed. Projections indicate GOES-12 will begin running into fuel-shortage issues late this year, followed by similar issues with GOES-11. The new satellites have a 10-year design life. "We don't really know when we're going to need it," said Marty Davis, an advisor to the GOES project. "We know the two operational satellites that are up there now are not perfect and are becoming less perfect as time goes on. So the next one to be operational will be GOES-13, which was launched three years ago. We don't think we'll have two spares for very long. The prediction is GOES-13 will be made operational by the end of the year." 7:30 AM, 6/23/09, Update: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter brakes into orbit around the moon Four-and-a-half days after launch, NASA's $504 million Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter fired its main thrusters for 40 minutes early Tuesday, successfully braking into an initial elliptical orbit around the moon. The critical rocket firing began around 5:47 a.m. EDT and ended as planned at 6:27 a.m., putting the spacecraft into an orbit tilted 30 degrees from the moon's poles with a low point of 136 miles and a high point of 1,926 miles. "All stations, this is flight," the mission flight director said. "Congratulations on a successful LOI (lunar orbit insertion) to return NASA to the moon." Over the next five days, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter will carry out four additional rocket firings to put the spacecraft in its so-called commissioning orbit with a low point of about 18.5 miles above the moon's south pole and a high point of 134 miles above the north pole. The orbit eventually will be circularized at about 31 miles above the moon. "The tracking shows we're essentially where we planned to be, we're at the moon," said LRO project manager Craig Tooley. "It went like clockwork. With a mission like this, we spent literally years practicing for every possible contingency to be ready for this. In the end, it went exactly as planned." LRO will spend two months in its commissioning orbit before maneuvering into the desired 31-mile-high mapping orbit. Equipped with seven state-of-the-art cameras and other instruments, LRO will look for suitable landing sites for future manned missions while creating the most detailed lunar atlas ever assembled. The 4,200-pound solar-powered spacecraft also will measure the solar and cosmic radiation that future lunar explorers will face and map out the surface topology, mineralogy and chemical composition of Earth's nearest neighbor. One year will be spent scouting future landing sites followed by three years of purely scientific observations. LRO was launched by an Atlas 5 rocket from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station last Thursday along with a companion spacecraft, the $79 million Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS. The two spacecraft separated shortly after launch. LCROSS is designed to guide the Atlas 5's spent Centaur second stage to an impact in a permanently shadowed crater near the moon's south pole on Oct. 9. Instruments aboard LCROSS, LRO, the Hubble Space Telescope and at observatories on Earth will study the debris thrown up by the crash to look for evidence of ice. 6:20 PM, 6/18/09, Update: Atlas 5 blasts off on lunar scouting mission An Atlas 5 rocket thundered to life and majestically streaked into space today, boosting two NASA spacecraft toward the moon for an ambitious $583 million mission to scout out landing sites for future manned missions and to search for evidence of hidden ice near its frigid poles. One spacecraft will map the cratered surface from a perilously low 31-mile-high orbit while the other will blast out 350 tons of pulverized rock and soil for chemical analysis, digging a shallow 66-foot-wide crater in a kamikaze crash visible from Earth. "What we're about is taking us all back to the moon," said Cathy Peddie, a deputy project manager at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. A United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket takes off on a NASA moon mission. (Photo: NASA TV) Delayed 20 minutes by nearby thunderstorms, the United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket's RD-180 first stage engine ignited at 5:32 p.m., slowly pushing the towering rocket away from launch complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Shooting through low clouds and quickly disappearing from view, the rocket arced east over the Atlantis Ocean and accelerated toward space. Spectacular rocket cam views showed the Atlas 5's fiery exhaust plume against the cloud-draped limb of planet Earth and the deep black of space. Another camera showed the nose cone fairing falling away, exposing the satellite payload to view. Two firings by the Atlas 5's hydrogen-fueled Centaur second stage successfully boosted the dual-spacecraft payload onto a four-day trajectory to the moon. A rocket cam view from the Atlas 5 as the vehicle climbed into space. (Photo: NASA TV) The $504 million Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, equipped with seven state-of-the-art cameras and other instruments, will look for suitable landing sites for future manned missions while creating the most detailed lunar atlas ever assembled. The 4,200-pound solar-powered spacecraft also will measure the solar and cosmic radiation that future lunar explorers will face and map out the surface topology, mineralogy and chemical composition of Earth's nearest neighbor. One year will be spent scouting future landing sites followed by three years of purely scientific observations. While its cameras will not be able to detect the footprints of the 12 Apollo astronauts who once walked on the moon, they will be able to see the landing stages, rovers and other equipment that were left behind. LRO's companion, the $79 million Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS, faces a much shorter lifetime. With LRO on its own, LCROSS will maneuver the spent Atlas 5's Centaur second stage into a looping four-month orbit back around the Earth. If all goes well, LCROSS will aim itself and the Centaur back at the moon, targeting a permanently shadowed crater near the south pole for a dramatic crash landing Oct. 9. With LRO looking on from lunar orbit, the 5,000-pound Centaur will hit the dark surface at some 5,600 mph, blasting out a 66-foot-wide crater some 13 feet deep. The debris excavated by the impact will be blown high above the lunar surface, some of it above the crater's rim and into sunlight for the first time in two billion years or more. LCROSS, following close behind the Centaur on a virtually identical course, will fly through the debris cloud, spending four precious minutes studying the composition of the material and looking for signs of water ice with a suite of nine instruments. Then it, too, will crash to the moon less than two miles away after dutifully transmitting its data back to Earth. The Hubble Space Telescope will monitor the impact, as will amateur and professional astronomers in the western hemisphere, looking for the flash that will signal the Centaur's demise. The LRO/LCROSS mission is NASA's first trip to the moon since the more modest Lunar Prospector was launched in 1998. The new missions are part of NASA's post-Columbia program to send astronauts back to the moon to establish permanent Antarctica-style research station starting around 2020. The Bush administration approved the new plan and President Obama endorsed the resumption of moon flights during his campaign. But earlier this year, the White House Office of Management and Budget cut $3.1 billion from NASA's projected budgets through 2013 - money needed to begin development of a heavy-life moon rocket - and the president ordered an independent re-assessment of NASA's long-range goals. The review panel held its first public hearing Wednesday and its final report is expected by the end of the summer. Regardless of the ultimate fate of NASA's manned moon program, the two spacecraft launched today promise to greatly advance understanding of the moon's history and evolution, along with making the first serious attempt to identify favorable landing sites for future long-duration visits. Separating from the LCROSS/Centaur shortly after launch, LRO will fly to the moon on its own. After a long rocket firing Tuesday morning to brake into an elliptical orbit, engineers will spend up to two months checking out and calibrating the spacecraft's instruments and maneuvering it into a circular 31-mile-high orbit. For comparison, the orbits used by Apollo command modules were about 70 miles high. "As its name says, LRO is all about doing reconnaissance at the moon," said Craig Tooley, the mission's project manager at Goddard. "Reconnaissance, specifically, to bring us back the data and the information we need to plan and execute the human return to the moon. "An inevitable question I get is 'why do we need LRO? Haven't we done this?' And, indeed, of course, we've been to the moon. But when we went to the moon for Apollo, we went to the equatorial regions and we intentionally planned to not stay for very long. And even at the onset of our renewed commitment to send human beings to the Moon back in 2004, we knew then if we were going to go to the moon with the more ambitious goals we have now of staying longer and perhaps establishing outposts, we were going to go to a different place." Scientists and engineers thinking about future outposts on the moon are focused on the polar regions, where areas in permanent sunlight offer unlimited solar power. Conversely, permanently shadowed craters nearby offer the prospect of ice deposits and along with them, a source of water, oxygen and hydrogen rocket fuel. "We actually have much better maps of Mars than we have of our own Moon's polar regions," Tooley said. "So the job of filling out that information set, making that atlas complete for planning safe and fruitful return to the Moon, that job fell to LRO." The LCROSS mission is much more tightly focused. Earlier lunar probes detected signs of hydrogen in the dark polar regions, an indirect indication of water ice. Scientists believe ice could indeed be trapped in polar craters that never see sunlight, brought in by comet impacts over the billions of years since the moon's formation. The Centaur impact is designed to blast out material in the top few feet of a shadowed crater's floor where ice deposits are suspected. "The impact sounds spectacular, and it will be," said Tony Colaprete, the LCROSS project scientist. "But you have to consider impacts of this size hit the Moon three or four times a month, essentially once a week. What's unique about the LCROSS impact is we know exactly where and when, so we can actually coordinate all of these eyes to look at it. "The actual event will be done in four minutes, meaning the ejecta, the physical material that comes up will be all but settled out in four minutes. It's just like any other natural impact of the Moon, it will not damage the Moon in any way." The amount of hydrogen detected in past missions implies the presence of enough water to possibly fill the Great Salt Lake basin in Utah. But no one knows if ice is really there. "There's data out there which could show it's potentially ice rinks," said LCROSS project manager Dan Andrews. "There's data out there that shows it's blocky. There's data out there that could support the fact that there might not be water ice there," said Dan Andrews, the LCROSS project manager. "So that illustrates the importance of this mission. Let's go see what it is. "The benefit of having water ice there is self-evident. The availability of water right there on the moon, availability of producing oxygen, oxidizer for rocket fuel for other missions, it's very, very interesting if water ice is indeed there." 11:15 AM, 6/17/09, Update: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/Atlas 5 moved to pad for Thursday launch With the shuttle Endeavour grounded by a hydrogen leak, a United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket carrying NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter was hauled to launch complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station today for liftoff Thursday on an ambitious $580 million moon mapping mission. The short trip from ULA's towering processing facility to the pad started at 10:02 a.m. With forecasters predicting a 60 percent chance of good weather, the Atlas team will have three launch opportunities Thursday, at 5:12 p.m. EDT, 5:22 p.m. and 5:32 p.m. A United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket carrying NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance orbiter is hauled to pad 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. (Photo: United Launch Alliance TV) The forecast improves to 70 percent go Friday for launch opportunities at 6:41 p.m., 6:51 p.m. and 7:01 p.m. Three final opportunities are available Saturday, the last day in the current launch window. The next four-day launch window opens June 30. The LRO spacecraft is scheduled to map the moon's surface in unprecedented detail from an orbit around the lunar poles just 31 miles above the cratered terrain. The primary goals are to identify possible landing sites for future manned missions and to characterize the composition and topography of the surface. A companion mission, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS, is designed to look for evidence of water ice and other materials by crashing the Atlas 5's Centaur upper stage into a permanently shadowed crater near the moon's south pole. The small LCROSS spacecraft will aim the spent Centaur stage and monitor its demise, flying through the cloud of debris thrown up by the crash, before following it to a similar fate. Assuming a launch Thursday, the LCROSS mission will end with lunar impacts on Oct. 9. 03:00 AM, 6/10/09, Update: Internal spacewalk begins (UPDATED at 3:20 a.m. with end of spacewalk) Working in spacesuits inside a compartment opened to vacuum, space station commander Gennady Padalka and NASA flight engineer Michael Barratt carried out a short 12-minute internal spacewalk today to finish rigging a port in the Zvezda command module for arrival of a new docking module in November. Padalka and Barratt remained inside the station throughout today's spacewalk and both men's Orlan MK spacesuits were connected to umbilicals. The work began at 2:55 a.m. EDT and ended at 3:07 a.m. But because they were working in vacuum, the activity was considered a spacewalk, the 125th since station assembly began in 1998, the sixth so far this year, the eighth for Padalka and the second for Barratt. A new docking module, known as MRM-2, is scheduled for launch atop a Soyuz rocket on Nov. 10. Once attached to the station, it will add a fourth Russian docking port to support the increased traffic required by a full-time crew of six. During an external spacewalk last Friday, Padalka and Barratt installed antennas as part of a system that will enable the MRM-2 docking module to home in on the station, line up and dock at the zenith port of the Zvezda module. During today's spacewalk inside the evacuated transfer compartment at the forward end of Zvezda, the interior side of the hatchway was equipped with required docking system equipment. The station currently has three Russian docking ports: an Earth-facing port on the forward end of the Zarya module and two on Zvezda, one facing Earth and the other at the rear of the lab complex. One three-seat Soyuz lifeboat is docked at Zarya and another is berthed at Zvezda's aft port. An unmanned Progress supply ship is attached to the Pirs docking module on Zvezda's Earth-facing port. The MRM-2 docking module will go on the zenith port directly above and across from Pirs. Yet another docking module, known as MRM-1, is scheduled for launch next year aboard a space shuttle. It will be attached to Zarya's downward facing port, providing the clearance needed for planned U.S. Orion crew capsules to dock at a downward-facing port in the station's U.S. Unity module. During today's spacewalk, the station crew was split up to make sure everyone had access to a Soyuz lifeboat at all times. Koichi Wakata joined Barratt and Padalka in the Russian segment of the station, with access to the Soyuz docked at the command module's aft port. Frank De Winne, Robert Thirsk and Roman Romanenko remained in the forward segment of the lab, with access to the Soyuz docked to the Zarya module's Earth-facing port. 8:55 AM, 6/5/09, Update: Successful spacewalk ends Michael Barratt, wrapping up his first spacewalk, rode a telescoping boom high above the International Space Station today for a photo survey of newly installed docking antennas. In the process, he beamed down spectacular helmet cam views of the lab's Russian segment and the Earth 220 miles below. "How's the view, Michael?" someone radioed. "The station is so beautiful," Barratt replied. Michael Barratt's helmet cam view of the space station, showing the circular brown upper docking port of the Zvezda module. (Phote: NASA TV) Barratt and Expedition 20 commander Gennady Padalka began the spacewalk at 3:52 a.m., an hour behind schedule because of concern about higher-than-expected carbon dioxide levels in their new Orlan MK spacesuits. Russian engineers ultimately concluded the suits were good to go and the crew was cleared to proceed. Working around the forward end of the Zvezda command module, Padalka and Barratt installed docking system antennas and cabling to permit a Russian docking module, scheduled for launch atop a Soyuz rocket in November, to home in on the station and dock at Zvezda's upward-facing port. The MRM-2 module, similar to the Pirs module attached to Zvezda's Earth-facing port, will serve as a combination airlock and docking module for future visits by Soyuz crew ferry craft and unmanned Progress supply ships. The new module will provide a fourth docking port to support the increased traffic required by a full-time crew of six and permit Progress ships to dock at Pirs more frequently, providing improved roll control for the lab complex. Barratt, on the end of the Russian Strela boom, is moved into place for a photo survey by crewmate Gennady Padalka. (Phote: NASA TV) Padalka and Barratt had no problems installing the antennas needed for the automated rendezvous system. Russian engineers carried out electrical continuity checks to make sure the equipment was properly wired and Barratt, on the end of a Russian Strela boom, carried out a photo survey to make sure they were properly aligned. The spacewalkers then returned to the Pirs module and closed its hatch at 8:46 a.m., ending a four-hour 54-minute spacewalk. Today's excursion, the 124th devoted to station assembly and maintenance, pushed total EVA time to 779 hours and 54 minutes. Padalka and Barratt plan to carry out a short internal spacewalk Wednesday, working in vacuum inside Zvezda's forward compartment to complete the zenith port's outfitting. 6:35 AM, 6/5/09, Update: Spacewalk going smoothly after late start Space station commander Gennady Padalka and flight engineer Michael Barratt are in the process of installing a second set of rendezvous antennas near the Zvezda command module's upper port to pave the way for attachment of a Russian docking module in November. Two hours and 45 minutes into the planned five-and-a-half-hour spacewalk, Padalka and Barratt and working through their timeline with no major problems, installing passive antennas and routing cables. The spacewalk began a bit more than an hour behind schedule because of indications of higher-than-expected carbon dioxide levels in their new Orlan MK spacesuits. But both spacewalkers have said throughout the morning that they feel fine and the suits appear to be operating normally. 3:55 AM, 6/5/09, Update: Station spacewalk begins Running more than an hour late because of spacesuit troubleshooting, cosmonaut Gennady Padalka and NASA flight engineer Michael Barratt opened the hatch of the Pirs airlock module aboard the International Space Station at 3:52 a.m. EDT to officially begin a planned five-and-a-half-hour spacewalk. The goal of the excursion is to mount rendezvous antennas on the upper side of the Russian Zvezda command module. A new docking module is scheduled for launch in November that will use the rendezvous system to home in on the station and dock at Zvezda's upper port. The docking module will be used later as a port for Soyuz crew ferry craft and Progress supply ships. Today's spacewalk began a little more than an hour behind schedule because of readings indicating high carbon dioxide levels in the crew's new Orlan MK spacesuits, being used for the first time. Equipped with new computers and displays, both suits indicated higher-than-expected CO2 levels, but the spacewalkers said they felt fine. "Michael, how are yo feeling? What do you think about the first time working in the suit?" a Russian flight controller called from Moscow. "So far so good," Barratt replied in Russian. "Sizing is good, so it just feels fine." "So do you feel like maybe you can be nauseous, maybe there's not enough air to breathe inside the suit?" "No, I wouldn't say that," Barratt said. "So no discomfort whatsoever?" "Not at all. So far so good," said Barratt, a former NASA flight surgeon. "I'm very familiar with the symptoms of high CO2 levels, but I'm not experiencing any." "Michael, I'm very sorry because we're receiving information from several different sources," the ground surgeon replied. "So if you don't mind, I would like to ask you once in a while about what you're feeling. As a surgeon, I would like you to report to me your symptoms, or how you're feeling, and so on from time to time. ... Are you OK with that?" "Yes of course," Barratt said. "That goes without saying." After assessing the readings on the ground, along with frequent calls to the spacewalkers to make sure both felt normal, Russian flight controllers cleared the crew to depressurize the Pirs airlock module and begin today's spacewalk. For identification, Padalka, call sign EV-1, is wearing a suit with red stripes. Barratt, EV-2, is wearing a suit with blue stripes that is equipped with a NASA helmet camera. This is the 124th spacewalk devoted to station assembly and maintenance since construction began in 1998, the fifth so far this year, the seventh overall for Padalka and the first for Barratt. Going into Friday's excursion, more than 80 astronauts and cosmonauts representing the United States, Russia, Japan, Canada, Germany, France and Sweden had logged 775 hours of space station EVA time. The KURS antennas being installed by Padalka and Barratt are passive elements in a system that will enable the Russian MRM-2 docking module to home in on the station in November. The station currently has three Russian docking ports: an Earth-facing port on the forward end of the Zarya module and two on Zvezda, one facing Earth and the other at the rear of the lab complex. At present, two three-seat Soyuz lifeboats are docked at the station, one at Zarya and the other at Zvezda's aft port. An unmanned Progress supply ship is attached to the Pirs module on Zvezda's Earth-facing port. The MRM-2 docking module scheduled for launch in November will go on the zenith port directly above and across from Pirs. Yet another docking module, known as MRM-1, is scheduled for launch next year aboard a space shuttle. It will be attached to Zarya's downward facing port, providing the clearance needed for planned U.S. Orion crew capsules to dock at a downward-facing port in the station's U.S. Unity module. 01:30, 6/1/09, Update: Station crew says life with six aboard similar to 'herding cats,' but systems working well Orchestrating the work of six full-time astronauts aboard the International Space Station is a bit like "herding cats," a Canadian crew member told reporters Monday, adding that living in the surreal weightlessness of space was like floating in a Salvador Dali painting. And then there's the part about recycling their sweat and urine for drinking and meal preparation. "First of all, the water is great!" NASA flight engineer Michael Barratt said during the expanded crew's first orbital news conference. "It's probably as good as or better than anything you'd buy out of a fancy bottle on the ground. "We try to use our water (regularly) to keep our processors primed and happy and we're all hydrating drinks and hydrating some of our sublimated food and it's a very convenient system. We've got hot water, cold water ... and absolutely no complaints about the water up here." The Expedition 20 crew fields questions from reporters. Front row (left to right): Koichi Wakata, Gennady Padalka and Michael Barratt Back row (left to right) Frank De Winne, Roman Romanenko and Robert Thirsk (Photo: NASA TV) Barratt, space station commander Gennady Padalka and Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata were joined Friday by three new full-time crew members - cosmonaut Roman Romanenko, European Space Agency astronaut Frank De Winne of Belgium and Robert Thirsk of the Canadian Space Agency. The new crew members arrived aboard a cramped Russian Soyuz capsule launched last Wednesday from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Shuttle-veteran Thirsk said the Russians provided first-class transportation. "If you think of the space shuttle as a powerful SUV, then the Soyuz is a nimble sports car," he said. "It did an incredible job getting us into orbit. The ride was quite a bit smoother, I thought, than the shuttle. For the first two minutes of a shuttle flight, it's pretty bumpy, it's impossible to read. But in the Soyuz, it was smooth all the way up. ... I just regard the Soyuz as a miracle." While visiting shuttle crews push the combined crew size even higher, the arrival of Romanenko, De Winne and Thirsk opened a new era of space station operations. With six full-time crew members, the lab's science output is expected to increase dramatically. The station's complex life support systems are working well, including the critical urine recycling system referred to by Barratt, The problems encountered so far, he said, are the minor sort of growing pains one might expect when doing something for the first time. "For me personally, I feel very much at home," Barratt said. "I come from a large family and I'm used to a lot of activity and 'busyness' and a lot of laughter, and we certainly have that now with these guys coming (aboard)." The size of the station helps, he said, given the astronauts can work in three dimensions in a way impossible on Earth. "The station is very large and six people still don't quite fill it, it's a very comfortable venue for six people to work with, I would say, pretty intensive timelines," Barratt said. "And these guys got to work right away, so I can tell you for sure that that's true." Thirsk said the greatest challenge is simply becoming more efficient. "I think for the newer members of the six person crew, it's a little bit like herding cats for Gennady, trying to get us all organized and getting us all to accomplish our tasks in a day," he said. "The learning curve is steep. We've been here, Roman says, five days now. I think we've learned an awful lot, so the working efficiency is coming. "But believe me, this is a surreal world here. I sometimes feel like I'm in the middle of a Salvador Dali painting here. My greatest fear? Astronauts always have fear of injury or death, but our greatest fear is of making a mistake. So I just hope I can get through this six months without making any serious mistakes." Overall, Barratt said, the crew's integration has gone smoothly, with no major hiccups. Sharing meals together, however, has been a bit of a challenge. The galley in the Russian Zvezda command module, their usual place to eat, is a bit cramped for six. "But we've set up another table in (the Unity module)," Barratt said. "Quite frankly, we didn't know how it was going to work until these guys arrived and we tried it out. So we've done a lot of tweaks to our food system and right now we're finding out that it does work pretty well. "So I'd say we're starting out functional and we're going to make it more efficient and a little bit more palatable as we go along. But certainly no show stoppers. It's very comfortable having six people here right now." Another long-term issue for the crew is staying in touch with family members. "For people who have an interest in science and technology, there can't be a better job than astronaut," Thirsk said. "But there is a price to be paid, there is a sacrifice to be made and unfortunately, it's the family that needs to make that sacrifice. It is important to stay in touch. "We communicate every day, we have email, we have an internet protocol, or IP, phone that allows us to phone any phone number in the world, including that of our family. Then once a week, we'll have a planned video conference as well." The station crew faces a busy first few weeks in orbit, gearing up for a pair of spacewalks June 5 and 10 and arrival of the shuttle Endeavour, scheduled for launch June 13. For the first spacewalk, which begins around 2:45 a.m. EDT June 5, Padalka and Barratt plan to route cables and mount an antenna to prepare an upper docking port on the Zvezda command module for eventual use by visiting Soyuz ferry craft. A second, internal spacewalk is planned for June 10 to rig the upper hatch with a docking cone. For the second spacewalk, expected to last about an hour, Padalka and Barratt will remain connected to umbilicals while working in the depressurized transfer compartment between Zvezda and the Zarya module. If all goes well, Endeavour's countdown will begin that same day, targeting a launch at 7:17 a.m. on June 13. Assuming an on-time liftoff, docking with the space station would be expected around 3:50 a.m. on June 15. "With 13 people up here, it'll be a challenge," Barratt said. "Of course, we'll have the added volume of the shuttle added to the stack, it'll be a massive stack. But it'll be busy, and there will be a lot of coordination, a lot of activity, a lot of patience, but these are the guys to do that." 4:00 PM, 5/29/09, Update: NASA managers decide to press ahead with Endeavour launch preparations; June 13 launch target still possible, officials say, despite processing delays NASA managers met Friday and decided to press ahead with work to ready the shuttle Endeavour for launch June 13 on a five-spacewalk space station assembly mission while continuing an analysis of a short circuit that knocked an avionics unit off line during the shuttle Atlantis' liftoff May 11. An executive-level flight readiness review is planned for next Wednesday to assess the status of launch processing and to set an official launch date. While the short circuit analysis is not complete, engineers are optimistic it will have no impact on Endeavour's launch. The weather, however, is another matter. To make the June 13 target, Endeavour must be moved from pad 39B, where it was on stand-by for emergency rescue duty during Atlantis' Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, to pad 39A on Sunday. Rollover had been targeted for Friday, but it has now slipped to Sunday, primarily because of stormy weather that delayed rollover preparations. With no contingency time left in the processing schedule to handle unexpected problems, another rollover delay - or any other significant issue - likely would delay launch. As it now stands, NASA only has three days to get Endeavour off the ground in June or the flight will be delayed one month. The short window is the result of a conflict with another high-priority mission - launch of NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 17 - and temperature constraints due to the space station's orbit. If Endeavour misses the three-day June launch window, the flight will slip to around July 11, based on the most recent analysis of the station's trajectory. Along with moving Endeavour to pad 39A Sunday, NASA also plans to begin the shuttle Atlantis's ferry flight back to the Kennedy Space Center from Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., where the orbiter landed last weekend. Because of its diversion to California and the time needed to prepare the ship for its cross country flight atop NASA's 747 transport jet, engineers have not yet gained access to the aft avionics bay where aerosurface actuator No. 1, the unit that failed during launch, is located. Based on telemetry, engineers believe a short circuit in the wiring leading to or from the box triggered the failure, not a problem with the box itself. The unit is part of a redundant system used to move the shuttle's elevons and rudder/speedbrake and its failure had no impact on Atlantis' climb to space or subsequent re-entry. But engineers want to make sure the short is not the result of any kind of fleet-wide wiring problem. As a result, ASA-1 will be pulled from Atlantis after its return to Florida next week and subjected to inspections and electrical tests to help isolate the issue. Built to replace the shuttle Challenger, Endeavour is NASA's newest space shuttle and engineers are confident its wiring is in good shape. But if any problems are found, engineers will re-assess the launch schedule and what, if anything, might be needed to clear the ship for flight. Hoping for the best, Atlantis commander Mark Polansky, pilot Douglas Hurley, flight engineer Julie Payette, David Wolf, Christopher Cassidy, Thomas Marshburn and space station flight engineer Timothy Kopra plan to fly to Florida Tuesday to review launch pad emergency procedures and to participate in a practice countdown Thursday. The primary goals of Endeavour's mission are to attach an external experiment platform to the Japanese Kibo laboratory, to replace batteries on the space station's oldest set of solar arrays, to deliver critical spare parts and to perform a variety of get-ahead tasks for upcoming assembly flights. The space station program achieved a major milestone Friday with arrival of three fresh crew members, boosting the lab's full-time crew to six. Before Endeavour's arrival, Expedition 20 commander Gennady Padalka and Michael Barratt plan to carry out two spacewalks June 5 and 10 - the day Endeavour's countdown is expected to begin - to prepare the Russian Zvezda command module for the attachment of a new docking port. 10:50 AM, 5/29/09, Update: Soyuz TMA-15 docks with space station A Russian Soyuz capsule docked with the International Space Station Friday, doubling the lab's crew to six in a long-awaited milestone intended to boost productivity and science output. With second-generation cosmonaut Roman Romanenko monitoring an automated approach, the Soyuz TMA-15 spacecraft docked with an Earth-facing port on the Russian Zarya module at 8:34 a.m. as the two spacecraft sailed through orbital darkness 218 miles above the Pacific Ocean east of Taiwan. "And now, it's perfectly in the center, all the crosses have aligned," someone said, watching a docking target on the space station as the Soyuz closed in. "We are approaching the center, we are going a little bit lower for pitch and we expect contact. Start the timer... we have contact!" The docking completed a carefully orchestrated rendezvous that began Wednesday when Romanenko, European Space Agency astronaut Frank De Winne of Belgium and Canadian astronaut Robert Thirsk blasted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. After leak checks, hatches between the two spacecraft were opened at 10:14 a.m. and Expedition 20 commander Gennady Padalka, NASA flight engineer Michael Barratt and Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata welcomed their new crewmates aboard with hugs and handshakes. Expedition 20 commander Gennady Padalka welcomes Roman Romanenko aboard the International Space Station (Photo: NASA TV) "It is wonderful to see all six of you up there, all five partners working together, it's a historic day," radioed Canadian Space Agency President Steve MacLean, a veteran shuttle astronaut who helped build the station. "With eight vehicles coming up during your six-month mission, you're going to be very, very busy. I just want you to know all Canadians will be watching, especially you, Bob, for the next 180 days. Congratulations, great launch the other day, fantastic docking, and enjoy. Enjoy." "I agree, it is a historic day," Thirsk replied from the Zvezda command module. "It's also a very happy day up here, you can't imagine the state of elation the six of us have right now. You know, amongst partners that have a passion for exploration, a proven track record on innovation and a desire to gain new knowledge, we've got an incredible potential for success here. This is going to be something incredible! You ain't seen nothing yet." The wives of Romanenko, Thirsk and De Winne also congratulated their husbands - Romanenko promised to call back Sunday when he will have more time to chat - and Thirsk's mother added, "have a good time, and God bless." "Thanks, Mom." The arrival of Romanenko, De Winne and Thirsk marked a major milestone in the history of the space station project, boosting the lab's full-time crew to six for the first time since assembly began in 1998. Up to this point, research aboard the station has been limited because of ongoing construction and maintenance requirements that have occupied previous two- and three-person crews. With six people on board, the time available for scientific research is expected to more than triple, jumping from 20 hours a week to more than 70. The Expedition 20 crew chats with mission control after docking. From left to right: Frank De Winne, Robert Thirsk, Gennady Padalka, Mike Barratt, Koichi Wakata and Roman Romanenko (Photo: NASA TV) "We've been building the International Space Station for 10 years now and we've finally gotten to a point now where it has some incredible laboratory facilities and six people on board the station to do some science," Thirsk said before launch. "We're going to be doing life science work, we're going to be doing medical operations, plant biology, fluid physics, materials processing, exploiting this weightless environment of space. We're ... doing some great, fundamental science for preparing humans for the next venture into space." At a post-docking news conference, MacLean said the international collaboration that built the space station shows "we can achieve so much more than any one nation." "There is so much potential in this beginning, in this historic milestone, in the sense that in the future, if we continue to collaborate like this, I think it represents what we will be able to achieve ... for the future exploration of space," he said. A crew news conference is planned Monday. 7:30 AM, 5/27/09, Update: Soyuz TMA-15 takes off on milestone mission to boost space station crew to six A Russian Soyuz rocket roared to life and streaked into orbit Wednesday, setting off after the International Space Station in a long-awaited mission to boost the lab's crew from three to six full-time residents. With Apollo 11 moon walker Buzz Aldrin and a throng or dignitaries and well wishers looking on, the Soyuz TMA-15 spacecraft lifted off at 6:34:53 a.m. EDT and quickly climbed away from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Soyuz TMA-15 spacecraft roars to life (Photo: NASA TV) Live television shots from inside the capsule showed Soyuz commander Roman Romanenko, son of a Russian cosmonaut, at the controls in the capsule's center seat, flanked on the left by European Space Agency astronaut Frank De Winne of Belgium and on the right by Canadian Space Agency astronaut Robert Thirsk, a shuttle veteran. All three cosmonauts appeared comfortable and at ease as the spacecraft climbed toward orbit, monitoring checklists and cockpit controls. Nine minutes after liftoff, the Soyuz TMA-15 spacecraft slipped into its planned preliminary orbit and a few minutes later, its solar panels and antennas unfolded and locked in place as planned. Over the next two days, Romanenko will oversee a series of rocket firings designed to bring the spacecraft to within a stone's throw of the space station. If all goes well, the Soyuz capsule will dock at an Earth-facing port on the front end of the space station's Russian Zarya module around 8:36 a.m. Friday. Waiting to welcome their new crewmates aboard will be Expedition 20 commander Gennady Padalka, NASA physician-astronaut Michael Barratt and Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata. Padalka and Barratt were launched to the station March 26 aboard the Soyuz TMA-14 spacecraft, currently docked to the Zvezda command module's aft port. Wakata was launched aboard the shuttle Discovery on March 15, becoming Japan's first full-time crew member. With the arrival of Romanenko, De Winne and Thirsk, all five of the space agencies building the International Space Station will be represented by full-time crew members for the first time. "Six person crew is a milestone in the history of the International Space Station," Thirsk said before launch. "In a big way, the International Space Station will be able to fulfill it's primary purpose, which is to function as a world-class orbiting laboratory for medical science and materials science." The lab complex has been stocked with enough food to last the expanded crew through October even if subsequent shuttle and unmanned resupply missions get delayed. Oxygen is generated on board by U.S. and Russian systems and fresh water is delivered by shuttle crews and automated Russian supply ships. But in a major milestone, a sophisticated water recycling system was installed late last year and, after startup problems were resolved, the new hardware was cleared for everyday use. The system recycles condensate and urine from a U.S. toilet in the Destiny lab module, generating ultra-pure water for drinking, crew hygiene and oxygen generation. The water recycling system will be critical to sustaining a six-person crew after the space shuttle is retired late next year. "It will be a challenge for everybody to make sure we can sustain six persons on orbit," De Winne said before launch. "Of course, most of the questions (are) about us and how we will work together with six on board, but we (should not) forget that for us to be able to do this work, there are thousands and thousands of people around the globe working to make sure we have everything we need." He said a six-person space station was beyond the capabilities of any one nation and that international cooperation was the key to the project's success. "I think it shows a great example to the rest of the world that if nations want to work together for something great, for something wonderful, for something for the future of our kids, that we can achieve incredible things," he said. Up until now, the station's science output has been limited because assembly was ongoing and the lab's three full-time crew members were busy simply maintaining the growing complex. With a crew of six, the time devoted to scientific research is expected to triple, jumping from 20 hours a week to more than 70. "We've been building the International Space Station for 10 years now and we've finally gotten to a point now where it has some incredible laboratory facilities and six people on board the station to do some science," Thirsk said. "So you're going to see over 1,000 hours (in the near term) of crew time devoted to research and development." More than 100 experiments are planned for the Expedition 20 crew. "We're going to be doing life science work, we're going to be doing medical operations, plant biology, fluid physics, materials processing, exploiting this weightless environment of space," Thirsk said. "We're ... doing some great, fundamental science for preparing humans for the next venture into space." Romanenko and Padalka will bunk in the Russian Zvezda module, which is equipped with two sleep stations and a bathroom. Two more sound-proofed "cabins" are available in the Harmony module that serves as a hub between the European Columbus module, the Japanese Kibo lab and the U.S. Destiny module. An additional U.S. sleep station is scheduled for launch in August. In the near term, one Expedition 20 astronaut will use a temporary sleep station in the Destiny module while another sleeps in Kibo. A second toilet is available in Destiny as well, extending out into the lab's center aisle. While the space station is roomy compared to any previous spacecraft, a full-time crew of six will present challenges. "Everyone knows what it's like to have the in-laws and friends and other family members over for the holidays for several days," Thirsk said. "There are line ups at the bathroom, meals have to be properly coordinated, there are even line ups for use of the phone, and everyone loses their personal space a little bit. But it's something we're willing to go through. "We will have to coordinate amongst ourselves very well, meal preparation, use of the communication loops, more attention to stowage, more attention to trash management, managing the hygiene facilities and making sure we give everyone their personal space. We all have that kind of training ... so we're prepared for that." English is typically used in the U.S. segment of the station while Russian is preferred in the Zvezda command module. All station crew members are able to speak both languages to some extent, but Romanenko said astronauts and cosmonauts had developed their on "space language" over the years. "There is a special language which is a mixture of Russian and English, there are jokes about it in orbit," he said through a translator. "It is so-called 'Renglish.' We, in fact, have invented that language quite well. Moreover, we really know each other very well, we know what to expect from each other and how to be around each other because we have been working together, we have been training together for years now. ... We have been partners for a long time. Thus, we are this big international family, space family." The expanded station crew faces a busy timeline over the next few weeks. Padalka and Barratt plan spacewalks June 5 and 10 to prepare an upward-facing port of the Zvezda command module for attachment of another docking module. Three days after the second spacewalk, NASA plans to launch the shuttle Endeavour on a five-spacewalk assembly mission to attach an experiment platform to the Kibo module and change out batteries on the station's oldest set of U.S. solar arrays. During the period Endeavour is docked, the space station will have to support 13 people. Endeavour also will deliver a fresh crew member - Timothy Kopra - and bring Wakata back to Earth. Another crew swap is planned for a shuttle flight in August when NASA astronaut Nicole Stott replaces Kopra. Stott, a former shuttle engineer at the Kennedy Space Center, said all of the Expedition 20 crew members were comfortable with each other, sharing a professionalism and sense of humor honed by years of training. "Even the guys who are up there in orbit right now, we have spent loads of time with them training here on the ground," she said. "And I think one thing that I can say about everyone we'll be up there with, you've got that balance between the total professional and the humor. "I think when things come right down to it, we know how to manage ourselves and to stay safe and we'll let that carry out through every day that we're up there. And then we also have the humor to keep us happy and working well together. I think it's going to be a great experience." 3:25 PM, 5/26/09, Update: Soyuz TMA-15 set for launch to space station to boost crew size to six In a long-awaited milestone for the International Space Station, a Russian Soyuz rocket scheduled for launch early Wednesday will ferry three fresh crew members to the lab complex, boosting its crew size to six for the first time. The Soyuz TMA-15 spacecraft, mounted atop the same launch pad used by Yuri Gagarin at the dawn of the space age, is scheduled for takeoff from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at 6:34:49 a.m. EDT. Soyuz commander Roman Romanenko, son of a Russian cosmonaut, will be strapped into the center seat, flanked by European Space Agency astronaut Frank De Winne of Belgium and Canadian Space Agency astronaut Robert Thirsk, a shuttle veteran. "I can't think of three finer gentlemen to help us realize our dream of six permanent crew on orbit," Mike Suffredini, NASA's space station program manager, told the Soyuz crew Tuesday. "So I wish you good luck and Godspeed." Assuming an on-time liftoff, Romanenko plans to oversee an automated approach and docking to an Earth-facing port on the front end of the space station's Russian Zarya module at 8:36 a.m. Friday. Waiting to welcome their new crewmates aboard will be Expedition 20 commander Gennady Padalka, NASA flight engineer Michael Barratt and Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata. Padalka and Barratt were launched to the station March 26 aboard the Soyuz TMA-14 spacecraft. Wakata was launched aboard the shuttle Discovery on March 15, becoming Japan's first full-time station crew member. With the arrival of Romanenko, De Winne and Thirsk, all five of the space agencies building the International Space Station will be represented by full-time crew members for the first time. "Six person crew is a milestone in the history of the International Space Station," Thirsk said before launch. "In a big way, the International Space Station will be able to fulfill it's primary purpose, which is to function as a world-class orbiting laboratory for medical science and materials science. "But there are also practical issues to consider as well with a crew of six and one of our goals, with our three colleagues on orbit, is to prove that the station can support six people for a long duration." NASA television's public and media channels will carry pre-launch video footage from Baikonur starting at 4:45 a.m. Wednesday, followed by launch coverage beginning at 5:45 a.m. Assuming an on-time liftoff at 6:34:49 a.m., the Soyuz TMA-15 spacecraft should be in orbit by 6:44 a.m. NASA plans to feed a launch day b-roll package at 12 p.m. Here is a generic Soyuz countdown timeline to give readers a sense of when major events are planned (in EDT; best viewed with fixed-width font; some times may be different for the TMA-15 launch): EDT...........EVENT 12:34 AM......Batteries installed in booster 01:04 AM......State commission 'go' 01:34 AM......Tanking begins 02:34 AM......Booster is loaded with liquid oxygen 03:34 AM......1st/2nd stage oxygen fueling complete 03:59 AM......Crew arrives at launch vehicle 04:04 AM......Crew ingress through orbital module side hatch 04:34 AM......Crew in re-entry vehicle 04:49 AM......Re-entry vehicle hardware tested; suits are ventilated 05:04 AM......Hatch sealed and tested 05:34 AM......Launch vehicle control system preps; gyro activation 05:49 AM......Launch pad service structure halves lowered 05:54 AM......Suit leak checks; re-entry vehicle testing complete 06:04 AM......Emergency escape system armed 06:09 AM......Service towers retracted 06:19 AM......Suit leak checks complete; escape system to auto 06:24 AM......Gyros uncaged; on-board recorders activated 06:27 AM......Prelaunch operations complete 06:28 AM......Final launch countdown operations to auto 06:28 AM......Launch complex and vehicle systems ready 06:29 AM......CDR's controls activated; helmets closed; launch key inserted 06:31 AM......Combustion chamber nitrogen purge 06:32:19 AM...Booster propellant tank pressurization begins 06:32:34 AM...Ground propellant feed terminated 06:33:49 AM...Vehicle to internal; 1st umbilical tower sep; auto sequence start 06:34:09 AM...Ground power umbilical to 3rd stage separates 06:34:29 AM...Launch command given; central/side pod engines on 06:34:34 AM...Second umbilical tower separates 06:34:39 AM...Engine turbopumps at flight speed 06:34:44 AM...Engines at maximum thrust 06:34:49 AM...LIFTOFF 06:35:59 AM...Velocity 1,118 mph 06:36:47 AM...Stage 1 strap-on boosters separate 06:36:49 AM...Velocity 3,355 mph 06:37:29 AM...Escape tower/launch shroud jettison 06:39:47 AM...Core booster separates at 105 statute miles 06:42:19 AM...Velocity 13,421 mph 06:43:49 AM...Third stage shutdown; Soyuz separation 10:00 AM, 5/23/09, Update: Charles Bolden to be nominated for NASA administrator Nineteen years after helping launch the Hubble Space Telescope, Charles F. Bolden Jr., a former combat pilot, Marine Corps major general and veteran space shuttle commander, has been selected by the Obama administration to serve as the space agency's next administrator. Lori Garver, a former NASA associate administrator for policy and plans and a space policy advisor to the Obama campaign, will serve as Bolden's deputy. "These talented individuals will help put NASA on course to boldly push the boundaries of science, aeronautics and exploration in the 21st century and ensure the long-term vibrancy of America's space program," Obama said in a statement Saturday. In a moment of improbable symmetry, Bolden, the third African American to fly in space, met with President Obama at the White House Tuesday, the day the space telescope was re-launched from the shuttle Atlantis. The five-spacewalk overhaul marked NASA's fifth and final visit to the storied telescope since Bolden helped launch it in 1990. Charles F. Bolden Jr. shuttle crew photo (Photo: NASA) An announcement naming Bolden as Obama's candidate to head the civilian space agency came four months after the departure of former Administrator Mike Griffin, a rocket scientist appointed by the Bush administration to oversee the shuttle's 2010 retirement and a planned return to the moon. "The president could not have made a better choice," Griffin told CBS News. "Charlie Bolden is an accomplished pilot, a veteran astronaut and an old friend. He has spent his life in the service of his country, and our nation is the better for it. NASA will be in good hands." The Obama administration struggled to find an acceptable replacement after deciding not to ask Griffin to stay on, reportedly considering several candidates before settling on Bolden. Widely respected within NASA for his engineering judgment, leadership skills and no-nonsense approach to thorny technical issues, Bolden's appointment was broadly welcomed by space agency insiders. "I can't imagine anybody that would be a better choice than Charlie," said Jay Honeycutt, former director of the Kennedy Space Center. "He knows the business of flying in space as well as knows how to navigate his way around Washington. He has a good relationship with Congress as well as the guys in the administration." Said John Logsdon, space policy analyst at George Washington University and a member of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board: "I think he's an extremely good choice. First of all, he's not that much of an outsider to Washington. He's been on the Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel and the National Academy of Engineering space board, so he's really up to speed with what's going on with the program." Sen. Bill Nelson, D-FL, flew with Bolden during a 1986 shuttle flight and has been lobbying Obama for weeks to put Bolden in charge of NASA at a particularly critical time in the agency's history. "In all the problems that are facing the president, it's hard to get attention on this one little agency," he told CBS News. "He certainly hears it from me, but he'll hear it then from his own administration (after Bolden is confirmed). And I believe then we've got a chance of getting us really back into the glory days." In a statement released today, Nelson said Bolden will face "budgetary constraints, technical issues, the remaining shuttle launches and the pending retirement of the shuttle program. And, restoring the wonder that space exploration can provide, and to make sure the presidentÕs mission is carried out." "Charlie is the kind of dynamic leader I believe the president was looking for and I know heÕll meet these challenges head on," Nelson said. NASA is struggling to complete the International Space Station during the final eight shuttle missions between now and the end of 2010. At the same time, the agency is trying to develop a new rocket system for the Bush administration's Constellation program, which is aimed at resuming moon flights in 2020. The Constellation architecture, calling for development of a new heavy lift unmanned Ares 5 booster, a lunar lander and a smaller Ares 1 rocket to boost Orion crew capsules into orbit, has come under fire from critics who claim alternative rocket systems can be developed faster at lower cost. Complicating the political picture, the Ares 1/Orion system intended to replace the space shuttle will not be available until 2015, forcing NASA to buy seats on Russian Soyuz spacecraft to ferry U.S. astronauts to and from the space station. Griffin repeatedly warned Congress about this so-called "gap," but the money needed to accelerate development of Ares 1/Orion never materialized. The Obama administration's first budget supported the Constellation program in general, endorsing shuttle retirement in 2010 and a return to the moon by 2020. But the administration's 2010 budget, while boosting near-term NASA funding, slashed spending by $3.1 billion between 2011 and 2013. If that money is not restored, Ares 5 development will suffer and landings on the moon will be delayed if not eliminated. Earlier this month, Obama ordered a 90-day independent review of NASA's manned space program headed by former Lockheed Martin CEO Norman Augustine. Options for how best to proceed will be presented to the administration later this summer. Depending on what the Augustine commission determines, some or all of the lost money could be restored to NASA's long-range budget. Or none at all. Despite the uncertain outlook, Nelson said he doubts Constellation will go away. "That's just not going to happen," he told CBS. "You're not going to throw away four years of work on the Ares. So I'm not concerned about that. I think the Augustine commission will bless the Ares. The thing I am concerned about is to what extent Ares 5 will be rapidly developed so we can end up doing the lunar lander here and all of that on a target for 2020. And a lot of that's going to come out of the Augustine Commission. "Even though we've got this concern, that the numbers are lean in the out years, I still have some optimism about us increasing that," Nelson said. "I think politics will play a part of it, because candidate Obama will be a candidate agin in 2012 and I think Florida will be important. Florida will be bigger then, it will be 29 electoral votes and I believe ... they'll pay attention to us. So I'm concerned, but I'm not paniced about the out years." Even so, Honeycutt cautioned that "I'm not sure anybody can handle this whole deal, but we'll see what comes out of the Augustine review. If they can pretty much stay the course, Charlie can do well with that." Bolden's first space flight came when he and six crewmates, including then-Rep. Nelson, took off aboard the shuttle Columbia on Jan. 12, 1986. It was the last successful shuttle mission before Challenger's fatal Jan. 28 launch. Bolden took off a second time on April 24, 1990, when he served as pilot of the shuttle Discovery to ferry the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit. It is a given in the astronaut office at the Johnson Space Center in Houston that any flight assignment is a good flight assignment. But the Hubble Space Telescope, one of the most expensive civilian satellites ever built, was in a class by itself and Bolden clearly relished a chance to play a role in the showcase mission. "Astronomy captivates everybody," he said in an interview at the time. "A kid in the ghetto, a kid on the farm, everybody at one time or another happens to glance up at the nighttime sky and they see these things we call stars and every once in a while a planet. "You'd just have to be a non-human being not to go 'what the heck is that?' It has a fascination for everybody." Bolden flew in space a third time as commander of the shuttle Atlantis for an atmospheric research mission that took off March 24, 1992. His fourth and final space mission was a historic flight as commander of the shuttle Discovery in 1994, a mission that included cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, the first Russian to fly on a space shuttle. Bolden (upper right) during his fourth shuttle flight (Photo: NASA) The only other joint U.S.-Russian mission up until that time involved the linkup of an Apollo capsule and a Russian Soyuz spacecraft in 1975, a mission that symbolized the era of detente. "I would imagine there was a lot of effort that went into the science that was conducted, but I think the politics of it probably was the overriding factor back then," Bolden said. "Although politics plays a pretty important part in this one also, I would feel that our primary effort is geared toward pulling the two nations' (space) databases together in order to optimize what we're hoping to do in the future as far as space exploration is concerned. "We think the joint scientific thrust ... is of most significance," he said. "I'd be naive to say the political significance is not there. What we are hoping to demonstrate is that two formerly very strong, rival nations can come together, work together toward a common goal and achieve much more than either could have done alone." Born Aug. 19, 1946, in Columbia, S.C., Bolden earned a bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering from the Naval Academy in 1968 and a master's degree in systems management from the University of Southern California in 1978. He accepted a commission in the Marine Corps following graduation from Annapolis in 1968 and after flight training at Pensacola, Fla., and other bases he was designated a naval aviator in May 1970. In 1973, Bolden flew more than 100 missions into North and South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia while based at Nam Phong, Thailand. After returning to the United States, Bolden began a two-year tour as a Marine Corps selection officer in Los Angeles. He spent the next three years at the Marine Corps Air Station in El Toro, Calif. In 1979, Bolden graduated from the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School at Patuxent River, Md., and was assigned to the Naval Air Test Center's systems engineering and strike aircraft test directorates. He was selected as a NASA astronaut in 1980, Bolden, who lists his hobbies as racquetball, running and first day cover collecting, is married to the former Alexis Walker of Columbia, S.C.. The couple has two children. He is a member of the Marine Corps Association, the Montford Point Marine Association, the U.S. Naval Institute and he is a lifetime member of the Naval Academy Alumni Association. He is a recipient of the Air Medal, the Strike-Flight Medal, the University of Southern California Outstanding Alumni Award and the NASA Exceptional Service Medal. Bolden left NASA in 1994 and returned to active duty in the Marine Corps. He retired from the corps in 2002. 5:20 PM, 5/20/09, Update: Station crew 'toasts' with recycled urine The three-man crew of the International Space Station explored a strange new world Wednesday, boldly going where no other astronauts have gone before: toasting each other with sips of recycled sweat and urine in a major milestone for the lab complex. With dozens of flight controllers and engineers joining them in a space-to-ground videoconference, station commander Gennady Padalka, flight engineer Michael Barratt and Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata held a brief toasting ceremony, touching drink bags and sipping recycled water for the first time since laboratory analysis confirmed its purity and cleanliness. "We're just really, really happy for this day and for the team that put this together," said Barratt, floating with his crewmates in the Destiny laboratory module. "I know it took a lot of work and a lot of time and a lot of very smart people. There were a lot of problems to overcome and it's all come to this. This is the kind of technology that'll get us to the moon and further, we hope. We're just really, really happy to be here drinking this today." Before sampling the recycled water, he said "we are happy to have this water work through the system and we're looking forward to working it through our systems and doing it all over again." Former space station science officer Donald Pettit told Barratt "we're getting ready to toast some of yesterday's coffee here with you guys." "That's great to hear," Barratt said. "We're really fat with coffee up here, which is great for me, so we're going to be drinking yesterday's coffee frequently up here, and happy to do it. ... Here's to all of you who made this happen. Here we go, here's to you guys and here's to everybody." The three station fliers then took a ceremonial drink from their water bags. Padalka squeezed out a blob of water and then drank it out of mid air. "The taste is great and as Gennady is showing you, it's perfectly clear and worth chasing in zero G here," Barratt said. "It looks really, really good from down here," said space station Flight Director Courtenay McMillan. "I'm glad yours is only a couple of day old. Our vintage here is about four years old from ground testing at Marshall (Space Flight Center), but it still tastes just fine." The station's $250 million U.S.-built water recycling system was installed during a shuttle assembly flight late last year. But problems with a centrifuge in the unit's vacuum distillation assembly forced the astronauts to extend testing until a replacement unit could be launched on a shuttle mission in March. The new unit worked well and samples were returned to Earth for detailed laboratory analysis. Those tests cleared the way for today's ceremony. The water recycling system is critical to NASA's plans to boost the station's crew size from three to six later this month. It will be especially crucial after the space shuttle is retired next year because Russian, European and Japanese supply ships cannot carry enough water to support six full-time crew members. 4:30 PM, 5/8/09, Update: NASA braces for manned space flight review Reeling from projected budget cuts totaling more than $3 billion through 2013, NASA managers and engineers working to build a post-shuttle rocket system for an eventual return to the moon are bracing for a critical review ordered by the Obama administration that could set the agency on a different course. The chairman of an independent review panel charged with evaluating NASA's post-shuttle manned space program said Friday he will bring an open mind and "go where the facts lead" in assessing the technical and economic feasibility of the space agency's current manned space program. Norman Augustine, former chief executive officer of Lockheed Martin Corp., said the Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee also will assess alternatives, including different rocket systems and alternative targets for exploration. The team's report is expected by August. "We are planning to spend billions of dollars on the human space flight program and it's wise to be sure we're spending that the way we should," he told reporters in a teleconference. "New information becomes available all the time. And similarly, we have a new administration and it would probably be imprudent on their part not to examine this major of a program to be sure such a long term undertaking is still on a course that makes sense to them." The cost of NASA's manned space program - and ongoing efforts by the Office of Management and Budget to cut spending - is at the heart of the review, announced Thursday when the Obama administration's fiscal 2010 budget request was unveiled. "I think what it boils down to is we're being told there's no sense in being unrealistic and putting together a program that can't possibly be afforded, and we've been given some guidance," Augustine said. "I think one of the chronic problems NASA's encountered over the years has been that it usually had more programs than it had money. That can be dangerous when you're doing something as difficult as NASA does. "So as we go through this evaluation, if we were to find there were reasons the budget didn't make sense in any way, I can assure you we would not be bashful about pointing that out, and I suspect the administration would want to know that anyway." The Obama administration is asking Congress for $18.7 billion in funding for NASA in 2010, a watershed year for the civilian space agency as it tries to complete assembly of the International Space Station and retire the space shuttle fleet after just nine more flights. NASA is designing a new rocket, called the Ares 1, and an Apollo-style Orion capsule to replace the shuttle, but the new system will not be ready for routine use until 2015. During the five years between the shuttle's retirement next year and the debut of Ares 1/Orion, NASA will be forced to buy seats on Russian Soyuz rockets to get U.S. astronauts to and from the space station. NASA's long-range goal, set by the Bush administration, is to return to the moon by 2020, using Ares 1/Orion spacecraft to carry astronauts to orbit and then new heavy-lift Ares 5 rockets to boost the astronauts and lunar landers to the moon. The new rocket systems are the central elements of what NASA calls the Constellation program. But funding has been a critical issue from the beginning. Congress and the Bush administration, which put NASA on its current course, did not provide the funding necessary to significantly reduce the gap between shuttle retirement and first flight of Ares 1/Orion. The Obama administration's 2010 budget includes a near-term funding boost of $630 million for Constellation, thanks in part to about $1 billion routed to NASA as part of the economic Recovery Act. But the administration's predicted budgets through 2013 show an overall cut of $3.1 billion for the exploration systems directorate in charge of Constellation, cuts that have sent shock waves through the NASA community. "That's the real story," a senior space manager, who asked not to be named, said of NASA's Thursday budget briefing. "It's like that Sherlock Holmes thing, the real story is the dog that didn't bark in the night. ... If the three-plus billion dollars in the out years, if that cut stands, then there's no moon by 2020 and maybe none at all." NASA officials said Thursday the budget numbers may change depending on the results of the Augustine review. But the agency turned down a request for an interview with Jeff Hanley, Constellation program manager at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, to discuss the potential impacts of the projected cuts. Against this backdrop, the Obama administration ordered the Augustine review of NASA's ongoing Constellation program, prompting speculation that budget pressures could lead to a major change of course. It's not yet known how any such a change might affect the gap between shuttle and any follow-on spacecraft, or whether the moon will even remain NASA's primary target. "I must confess, as an individual I'm not thrilled with the fact that we have a gap," Augustine said. "But we have what we have. ... There are things that could be done, probably, that would shorten the gap, there are some things one might do that would lengthen the gap. But certainly, an objective, I think, of anybody would be to balance the various pros and cons of whatever is proposed against the impact on the gap, among other things, and recognizing that extending the gap is probably not a desirable thing. On the other hand, and I'm not making predictions here because I don't know the outcome, it's not something that's written in stone, either." John Holdren, director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, said the administration's objective "is to ensure that these programs remain on a strong and stable footing well into the 21st Century, and this review will be crucial to meeting that goal." An OSTP statement said Augustine's panel will "assess a number of architecture options, taking into account such objectives as: 1) expediting a new U.S. capability to support use of the International Space Station; 2) supporting missions to the Moon and other destinations beyond low Earth orbit; 3) stimulating commercial space flight capabilities; and 4) fitting within the current budget profile for NASA exploration activities." Augustine said he planned to assemble a team of experts with a broad range of space experience to evaluate the Constellation program and alternative architectures "both from an economic and a technical standpoint." "We have a rather short time period to conduct our review, to be completed in August, and because of that we're drawing heavily on prior work and on our own experience as well as analyses ... from NASA and possibly others." He said the panel's instructions are "to take a fresh, independent look at the human spaceflight program and go where the facts lead. And that's what we'll try to do. Obviously, the U.S. has excelled in the exploration and utilization of space for a long time. It's a source of great pride to our nation as well as, I might say, to myself. "I also have long believed it should be a balanced program that includes both robotics and human involvement. Our focus will be on the human spaceflight aspect. The president has made rather clear he's very supportive of human spaceflight, he believes it's important from an economic and technical and scientific leadership standpoint. I certainly share that view and I believe this is an important task and I look forward to leading it." 6:30 PM, 5/7/09, Update: Obama orders independent review of manned space operations; NASA 2010 budget unveiled The Obama administration's fiscal 2010 NASA budget request includes $630 million in additional near-term funding for development of follow-on rockets and spacecraft needed for the agency's post-shuttle moon program, officials said Thursday. But most of the increase is from the administration's economic stimulus package and projections through 2013 show a $3.1 billion reduction in overall funding for the program compared with 2009 projections. Unveiling NASA's $18.7 billion 2010 budget today, acting Administrator Chris Scolese said the Obama administration had ordered an independent review of NASA's plans to replace the space shuttle with a combination of manned and unmanned Ares rockets, Apollo-style Orion capsules and lunar landers needed to establish research stations on the moon by the early 2020s. The new rockets are the central elements of what NASA calls the Constellation program. "You can expect a new administration coming in wants to understand where we're at and is this the best way to go forward," Scolese said. "That's the purpose of the review, to understand that. Clearly if we're on the wrong path we should change. If you're asking me do I think we're on the wrong path, no, I don't. We need to go off and demonstrate that. The review team needs to look at it and understand what we're doing and offer suggestions on how we could do it better." The review is expected to be completed by August. In the meantime, NASA will continue work on the Ares 1 rocket and Orion capsules the agency hopes to begin flying in March 2015. But contracts needed for initial development of the unmanned Ares 5 heavy lift booster needed for NASA's planned return to the moon are on hold pending the results of the review. NASA's $18.7 billion budget request includes $1 billion in Recovery Act money and funds the addition of one shuttle flight to deliver an already-built physics experiment to the International Space Station. Including next week's launch of the shuttle Atlantis on a fifth and final mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope, NASA plans nine more shuttle flights through Sept. 30, 2010, the end of the fiscal year. If one or two flights slip beyond that target, NASA will need additional funding but the Obama administration has indicated it would support such a request if needed. "What does this budget represent? I was surprised, in the last month I've seen the president three times," Scolese told reporters Thursday. "And I think that's an indication that NASA is something that this administration really cares about. The fact that we were highlighted in the budget discussions today with the (president's) science advisor is another indication of that. And I think you see it in this first bullet here, a $630 million increase to exploration, a $456 million increase to science and a $264 million increase to aeronautics. Those are significant increases." Even so, the picture is much less rosy in the out years. Projections through 2013 in the fiscal 2010 budget package feature an asterisk after totals for the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate responsible for space station operations and development of the Constellation program. The asterisks mean those numbers may change based on the results of the upcoming manned spaceflight review. But as of this writing, exploration faces $3.1 billion in cuts through 2013. "We're up this year and next by about $630 million," said Douglas Cooke, associate administrator for the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate at NASA headquarters. "Over that time period, it's down about $3.1 (billion)." Former NASA Administrator Mike Griffin said in a recent speech the projected funding shortfalls threaten America's leadership in manned space flight. "In the last five years two presidents and two Congresses have provided the top-level direction necessary to ensure that the root cause of ColumbiaÕs loss - the lack of a guiding strategic vision for NASA - never happens again," Griffin said. "But apparently something more is needed. We're not matching the words with the necessary actions at the staff level. How soon we forget. "Let me be clear. In a democracy, the proper purpose of the OMB (Office of Management and Budget) is not to find a way to create a Potemkin Village at NASA. It is not to create the appearance of having a real space program without having to pay for it. It is not to specify to NASA how much money shall be allocated for human lunar return by 2020. The proper purpose of the OMB is to work with NASA, as a partner in good government, to craft carefully vetted estimates of what is required to achieve national policy goals. The judgment as to whether the stated goals are too costly, or not, is one to be made by the nation's elected leadership, not career civil service staff." Griffin said "no one can wrest leadership in space from the United States. We're that good. But we can certainly cede it, and that is the path we are on." Sen. Bill Nelson, D-FL, said he believes Obama understands the value of space exploration and "I believe that's why the president has committed to finishing all nine space shuttle missions, regardless of how long it takes; and, to make full use of the International Space Station." "This is a step in the right direction," he said. "But down the road the administration's budget does not match what candidate Obama said about the future of our space program. Still, he's assured me these numbers are subject to change, pending a review he has ordered of NASA." The Constellation program was born in the wake of the 2003 Columbia disaster. The Bush administration decided in January 2004 to finish the international space station and to retire the shuttle in 2010. At the same time, NASA was told to begin development of a replacement system that could ferry astronauts to and from the space station and eventually, on to the moon, a system that would be safer and less expensive to operate than the shuttle. The long-range goal was establishment of Antarctica-type lunar research stations where astronauts can live and work for months at a time. The Constellation program marked a radical departure from the world of shuttle operations. Instead of one rocket designed to carry astronauts and heavy payloads, two rockets were envisioned: the manned Ares 1, designed to boost Orion crew capsules to low-Earth orbit; and the unmanned Ares 5, a huge heavy lift rocket that would carry a four-person lunar lander into space. For a moon shot, the Ares 5 would be launched from pad 39A at the Kennedy Space Center, followed a few hours later by launch of the crew in an Orion capsule atop an Ares 1. After linking up in Earth orbit, the Ares 5 upper stage would propel the Altair lunar lander and astronauts in the attached Orion capsule to the moon. The entire crew then would descend to the lunar surface in the lander and, when its mission was complete, blast off, rendezvous with the orbiting Orion capsule and return to Earth for an ocean splashdown. The Bush administration did not give NASA much in the way of additional funding to pay for initial Constellation development and the agency has been forced to cut back in other areas to kick start the new program. After station assembly is complete and the shuttle is retired in 2010, NASA plans to divert more than $4 billion a year into Constellation that currently goes into shuttle and station operations. But given the lack of funding up front, technical problems and changing requirements, NASA will not be ready to begin initial operations with Ares 1 until March 2015. During the five-year gap between the end of shuttle operations and the debut of Ares 1/Orion, NASA will be forced to buy seats on Russian Soyuz spacecraft to ferry U.S. and international astronauts to and from the space station. Almost from the beginning, critics have complained about the Constellation architecture. Some believe NASA should look into modifying heavy lift Atlas or Delta rockets - evolved expendable launch vehicles, or EELVs - for manned flights. Others believe it makes more sense to eliminate the Ares 1, which requires development of a new five-segment solid-fuel booster, and instead rely on a modified version of the Ares 5, using four-segment boosters, to launch crew and cargo. The independent review announced Thursday will look into all aspects of the Constellation architecture. "We were requested to conduct a more detailed study of human spaceflight capabilities," Scolese said. "We want to fully utilize the international space station, that's a decision that needs to be factored into this review, we need to consider the workforce and the transition requirements as we retire the shuttle and move on to the next system and we need to look at what the gap means and how to best utilize the commercial and international capabilities that are out there. "So the president's science advisor has asked us, and we're forming a review team, a blue ribbon team, that will be headed by Norm Augustine, which we anticipate being done in the next 60 to 90 days. So by August we're prepared to make any budget adjustments that may need to be made." Cooke said he does not believe a switch to another rocket system would narrow the gap between the end of the shuttle program and the debut of a new system. "I don't personally see one," he told CBS News. "We have looked at other possibilities in anticipation of questions. I think we've got a plan that gets there as quickly as we know how. If we could come up with one that's better, we'd do it." He said the biggest single reason he has favored Ares 1 over competing designs is crew safety. "The biggest difference is in the risk," he said. "We can argue numbers all day long in terms of cost and schedule and that sort of thing and they have different levels of maturity so you're never actually comparing equivalent numbers. But in terms of the risk numbers we've seen and calculated - and I usually look closest at loss of crew numbers - the Ares 1 approach has always been at least two times better than these other approaches comparing EELVs and the Direct 2.0." That's in part due to the Ares 1 first stage, an extended five-segment shuttle booster. Two four-segment boosters are used for every shuttle flight and in 125 missions to date - 250 booster flights - only one booster has ever failed, the one that doomed Challenger. "I personally believe the risk is lower for the crew on this vehicle and that to me is the bigger of the discriminators," Cooke said. While NASA will proceed with work on the Ares 1 program while the external review is underway - an unmanned test flight is planned for later this year - contracts for initial work on the heavy lift Ares 5 have been put on hold. "I've been inclined to hold off on them because I don't want to presume an answer out of this review," Cooke said. "I think we really need to see where we end up in terms of recommendations there before we start new contracted activity. We're going to continue on our current contracted activities, but to start a new one right now, I'm not sure we've fully developed that thought process. I'm inclined to hold off." 12:45 PM, 4/15/09, Update: Station crew says lab ready for six full-time crew members The International Space Station's power, life support and emergency systems are in good condition and ready for the arrival of three additional crew members in late May, the commander said Wednesday. Michael Barratt, a NASA astronaut and flight surgeon making his first flight, said the crew has been cleared to use processed urine and condensate for personal hygiene and expects permission to begin drinking the recycled water in the next few weeks. Barratt also told CBS News he looked forward to "running on Colbert" when a new treadmill, named after comedian Stephen Colbert, is delivered to the station later this year. Colbert recently urged viewers to vote for him in a NASA competition to name a new space station module. His choice - the Colbert module - came in first, but NASA announced on his show Tuesday that the module would instead be named Tranquility. Astronaut Sunita Williams, a space station veteran, told the comedian a new treadmill would be known as the Combined Operational Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill, or COLBERT. Asked today what he thought of the gesture, Barratt said "I think the more people we reach, the better, and Mr. Colbert does a great job. I'm just looking forward to running on Colbert and living in Tranquility." Exercise is a critical element of life aboard the space station and keeping six people fit will be an ongoing challenge. NASA and its international partners hope to boost the lab's crew size to six in late May when cosmonaut Roman Romanenko, European Space Agency astronaut Frank De Winne and Canadian Space Agency astronaut Robert Thirsk join Barratt, Expedition 19 Commander Gennady Padalka and Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata. "Space station is really in a good operational condition," Padalka told CBS News. "All ECLSS (environmental control and life support) systems in the Russian segment are operational and in great condition. ... We're ready to get six-person crew on board." Barratt said he did not anticipate any major problems, primarily because "the station is huge, and it really needs six people to man it and get as much work out of it as it was designed to provide." "This is a huge station, and it's more than big enough to accommodate six people and their productive work," he said. "We worry a little bit about the consumables and the resources to support six people continually - the food, water, the communications resources and everything to make the people who live up here as productive as possible. But no, there's plenty of room for six people. During shuttle dockings, by the way, we'll be up to 13 for a period of 10 to 12 days. So we're big enough, I think, to accommodate the full crew of six." To support six people, the station's life support system must be able to recycle condensate and urine for drinking, crew hygiene, food preparation and oxygen generation. The water recycling system initially had problems with a vacuum distillation unit centrifuge that was installed late last year. But the crew of the most recent shuttle assembly mission delivered a replacement and the system appears to be operating normally. Samples returned aboard the shuttle currently are undergoing laboratory analysis to make sure the water is safe to use. "We have already been given a go to use the water for hygiene and we do a little bit of that," Barratt said. "We're expecting an answer, probably within the next couple of weeks, on using it for potable water. So far, everything has been looking fairly positive, but we're waiting for the definitive answer." As a flight surgeon, Barratt brings a unique perspective to monitoring his own body's adaptation to weightlessness. "It is an adaptation over time," he said today. "You're definitely not at your best the first couple of days of space flight, especially as a first-time flier. Every system adapts at a slightly different rate. Some of it you feel, and some of it you don't feel. Some of it is just very difficult to quantify. Fluids tend to shift to your face and you feel a little bit flushed and puffy and over a period of a week to two weeks, that starts to go down. "Other things, like just learning to fly through the station gracefully and keep kind of a three-D image in your head while you're doing it and not bump into anything that is really expensive or might hurt you if you bump it back. In general, everything gets better as the days go on and right now, after a little over two weeks on orbit, I feel great. From what I understand from reading and talking to other people, people go on from this and several weeks later they say they even feel better. So I think it's a continual process." NASA and its international partners are making the jump to six-person crew as the space station nears completion and the shuttle program enters its final stages. It is a critical period for NASA, but the Obama administration has not yet named an administrator to replace Mike Griffin, whose tenure ended on inauguration day. Barratt said "it may be critical that we get an administrator as soon as possible, but I would say it's a wonderful time for NASA because we do have this facility up here, we've almost finished building it and we're starting to realize the productivity out of it we had always planned." "We have new ships on the drawing board and a lot of smart people that design the station, that operate it day to day and really make the daily process of NASA work. They are still in place and are not going anywhere anytime soon. So I feel very confident in the infrastructure, that we'll be able to continue operating. "We'd like an administrator soon - sooner is better, certainly - but I think we're on a course and I think we'll stay that course right now with station and hopefully the new vehicle will come in its allotted time." 5:55 PM, 4/13/09, Update: NASA plans to stop work protecting option for shuttle extension past 2010 deadline; will focus on nine flights between now and end of calendar 2010 Facing a tight budget, a 2010 deadline to end space shuttle operations and a lack of concrete political support to fund additional flights or stretch out the current manifest, NASA managers are meeting this week to discuss the impact of ending efforts that have been keeping open the possibility of extending the shuttle program past the current deadline. In a note to shuttle managers and engineers last week that was obtained by CBS News, shuttle Program Manager John Shannon outlined the issues in stark terms, reflecting the lack of any political action to fund shuttle flights past the end of 2010. "You have heard me say that 'hope is not an effective management tool' on many occasions," he wrote. "It is my position that we cannot continue to spend money to retain the capability to fly additional space shuttle missions, hoping that someone will recognize the national assets we are giving up. "We have to take our destiny in our own hands and manage within the limited budget we have been given and ensure that we will fly the full manifest and leave the International Space Station in the best configuration possible." NASA's most recent authorization act included language that directed the space agency to take no action that "would preclude the continued safe and effective flight of the space shuttle after fiscal year 2010" if the next president - Barack Obama, as it turned out - decided to delay the orbiter's planned retirement. Depending on how one does the accounting, that directive had the potential to cost the agency nearly $90 million. The Obama administration has expressed support for the addition of one shuttle flight to carry the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, an already-built, high-priority physics experiment, to the International Space Station. But the Office of Management and Budget said the administration is sticking with the 2010 shuttle retirement date. The Bush administration's deadline was the end of fiscal 2010, or Sept. 30, 2010. The Obama administration has since told the space agency the deadline is the end of calendar 2010. Between now and then, NASA has nine shuttle flights planned, including the AMS mission. But only eight missions are currently funded. Money for the AMS flight has not yet been appropriated. "If we're going to make this thing work, we've got to focus 100 percent on those nine flights and make sure we get them done," said a senior NASA manager who spoke on background and asked not to be identified. "We can no longer continue to split our attention both ways. We're going to have to have a hard discussion with our folks ... we're going to have to make those nine flights real. And that's what we're going to go do." The Obama administration has offered little visible guidance beyond support for the AMS flight and the shuttle deadline clarification. The president has yet to name a replacement for former NASA Administrator Mike Griffin, the Bush-administration appointee whose tenure ended with Obama's inauguration. Griffin inherited the job of overseeing the post-Columbia decision to complete the space station and retire the shuttle by the end of 2010 and to develop a new spacecraft to replace the shuttle. That vehicle, the Apollo-like Orion capsule and its Ares 1 rocket, is intended to ferry astronauts to and from the space station and, eventually, on to the moon. But the Orion/Ares system will not be ready for use until 2015. During the five-year gap between the shuttle's retirement and the debut of the new rocket, NASA and it's international partners will have to hitch rides to the space station aboard Russian Soyuz spacecraft. Concern about reliance on the Russians has prompted several key lawmakers to lobby for additional funding to extend shuttle operations, stretching out the current manifest to close or narrow the gap. Rep. Bill Posey (R-FL), whose district includes the Kennedy Space Center, and Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D-FL) introduced legislation earlier this month to extend shuttle operations beyond 2010 and to accelerate development of the Ares/Orion spacecraft. But so far, no such funding has been approved or even money to cover the costs of simply keeping the extension option open. Complicating the picture for NASA planners, there is a very real possibility that one or two of the final shuttle missions currently envisioned will slip into the October-December 2010 timeframe, i.e., the first quarter of fiscal 2011. There is no money in NASA's projected 2011 budget for any shuttle operations beyond $300 million or so intended for retirement activities. As a result, NASA now plans to terminate work that kept open the option of a shuttle extension when the current legislation expires at the end of the month. "We don't have enough money to keep carrying various options to extend and add additional flights," said the NASA manager who spoke on condition of anonymity. "We don't have funding right now for that first quarter of 2011. So we've got to save money out of '10 to roll into that first quarter of fiscal year 2011. "So that's what John's kind of saying in his note to the troops, that we can no longer carry options, we've got to make some hard decisions if we want to try to get these nine remaining flights flown. Where we were kind of slowing things down and we were buying some extra spare parts and kept some subs (subcontractors) around and stuff, it's now time we've got to start making those hard decisions to really start trying to save money so we ... can support all the way to the end of calendar year 2010." Shuttle program managers were scheduled to meet Tuesday and Wednesday at the Kennedy Space Center for a quarterly budget review. The final missions on NASA's shuttle manifest are critical flights to deliver spare parts and supplies to the International Space Station and NASA managers don't want to risk losing one because money that could have helped cope with technical problems or launch delays had been diverted to building hardware for flights that are not expected to be approved. "It's not cut and dried," said the NASA manager. "Even though we're going to start ramping back down again, we still haven't really lost capability. I've still got this hardware sitting around and if someone has some great idea this summer that we want to goÊdo this and they give us a ton of money, we could probably figure out a way to get the thing flying again. But we can't protect for that option." In his email last week, Shannon said "here is our dilemma: Do we keep up the 'do not preclude' strategy, spending at a level that is inconsistent with our current budget line, in the hopes that someone will come along with additional funding to allow us to fly the full manifest? Or do we make the difficult decisions to cut core future capability in order to fly the current manifest within our current budget marks?" After stating his position that NASA must protect the existing manifest in the absence of any concrete political support and funding for extending shuttle operations, he said "unfortunately, it will be extraordinarily painful to let go of the team members that have ensured our success for 28 years - the testing teams, the manufacturing teams, the teams that integrate, ship and assemble the most complex and capable rocket in history. "I ask that you put aside the emotions, and concentrate on what is known," Shannon concluded. "We have a limited budget and a clear mission - fly through STS-134 (the final shuttle mission) safely and successfully." 3:40 AM, 4/8/09, Update: Soyuz TMA-13 lands in Kazakhstan Dropping to Earth under a huge parachute, a Russian Soyuz spacecraft carrying outgoing space station commander Mike Fincke, flight engineer Yury Lonchakov and space tourist Charles Simonyi settled to a jarring landing in Kazakhstan today after a descent from the International Space Station. With Lonchakov at the controls, the central descent module of the Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft touched down at 3:16 a.m. EDT northeast of Dzhezkazgan, coming to rest on its side. A few minutes later, Lonchakov was out, reporting the crew was in good condition. Soyuz TMA-13 at the moment of touchdown in Kazakhstan Russian recovery forces were staged nearby to assist the returning space fliers as required and by 3:30 a.m., all three were resting comfortably in reclining chairs near the descent module, smiling and chatting with flight surgeons and technicians. "It landed just a few kilometers long of its intended site, but essentially a dead-on, spot-on, bullseye landing for Mike Fincke, Yury Lonchakov and Charles Simonyi," said NASA commentator Rob Navias from the landing site. "The Soyuz landed on its side, that is very typical for a Soyuz landing, it is breezy out here today, the wind caught the chutes, pulled the capsule over. But it was a very quick extraction out of the top hatch for the three crew members. They all look to be in excellent shape." The Soyuz TMA-13 crew (left to right): Charles Simonyi, Yury Lonchakov, Mike Fincke Landing came one day later than originally planned because of soggy conditions at the normal landing zone north of Arkalyk. The Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft undocked from the international Space Station at 11:55 p.m. Tuesday. Lonchakov carried out a four-and-a-half-minute deorbit rocket firing at 2:24 a.m., slowing the ship by about 258 mph and putting it on the proper trajectory for landing. Just before atmospheric entry, Russian flight controllers lost contact with the spacecraft, but the three modules making up the Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft apparently separated as planned and the central descent module carrying the crew made a normal re-entry. Communications were restored a few minutes before the craft's braking parachute was deployed and Lonchakov reported "nominal" conditions on board. "We're happy to say one more space flight mission is now in the history books," an unidentified Russian observed. U.S. flight controllers then called the space station, informing Expedition 19 commander Gennady Padalka, flight engineer Michael Barratt and Koichi Wakata that their crewmates had made a safe landing. "Hey guys, just in case you didn't have good video and audio during that, the Soyuz landed safely, the crew reported they feel fine. SAR forces are on the scene," called the spacecraft communicator. "We did get that and thanks so much for the video. We saw it and hurrah for the 18 crew and Charles Simonyi and welcome them back to Earth," replied Barratt. Touchdown ended a 178-day voyage for Fincke and Lonchakov, who were launched to the station last Oct. 12 as the core members of the lab's 18th full-time crew. Fincke's time in space through two space station expeditions now stands at 366 days, putting him third on the list of most experienced U.S. astronauts behind Peggy Whitson with 377 days and Mike Foale with 374 days. Lonchakov's total for three space missions stands at 201 days while Simonyi's 13-day station visit boosted his two-flight total to 27 days. Simonyi, a Hungarian-born U.S. software developer, is the first space tourist to make two privately financed trips to the space station. His wife, Lisa, was standing by at the recovery zone to welcome him back to Earth with a kiss. Lisa Simonyi welcomes husband Charles back to Earth "It was a difficult decision for me to fly for the second time and now, looking back, I'm so glad that I've done it," Simonyi said Tuesday during a brief farewell ceremony aboard the station. "It was a great trip, thank you everyone. I'm looking forward to get home, to my wife, but it was a fantastic trip. Thank you." An inflatable tent was set up at the landing site for initial medical checks before helicopter flights back to Karaganda and then a three-hour flight to the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City near Moscow where friends and family members will be waiting. Fincke will be welcomed home in Kazakhstan by NASA space station Program Manager Mike Suffredini, chief astronaut Steve Lindsey and a NASA flight surgeon, Steve Hart. Fincke's family will be waiting in Star City. 2:30 AM, 4/8/09, Update: Soyuz braking rockets fired Braking rockets on the Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft fired as planned early today to drop the ship out of orbit for a landing in Kazakhstan. The four-and-a-half-minute deorbit burn began on time at 2:24 a.m., slowing the ship by about 258 mph and putting it on the desired trajectory for atmospheric entry. After falling to an altitude of about 87 miles, the three modules making up the Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft will separate and the central descent module will enter the discernible atmosphere at an altitude of about 62 miles at 2:52 a.m. If all goes well, the module's main parachute will deploy shortly after 3 a.m. for a rocket-assisted touchdown at 3:16:29 a.m. 12:15 AM, 4/8/09, Update: Soyuz TMA-13 undocks from space station With cosmonaut Yury Lonchakov at the controls, Russia's Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft undocked from the International Space Station late Tuesday, pulling away from a port on the Zarya module to set up for a Wednesday landing in Kazakhstan. Lonchakov, Expedition 18 commander Mike Fincke and space tourist Charles Simonyi bid farewell to the Expedition 19 crew Tuesday evening and floated aboard the Soyuz around 8:45 p.m. With Fincke seated to Lonchakov's left and Simonyi to his right, the TMA-13 spacecraft undocked at 11:55 p.m. as the space station sailed 223 miles above Mongolia. "All the best, Gennady, all the best to you, we are already missing you," one of the departing crew members radioed Expedition 19 commander Gennady Padalka as the Soyuz pulled away. "Very, very smooth backout," someone said. "All the best, guys. Good luck." View of the International Space Station from the departing Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft If all goes well, Lonchakov will fire the Soyuz ferry craft's braking rockets at 2:24 a.m. to put the ship on a trajectory to touchdown in Kazakhstan around 3:16 a.m. Here is the remainder of today's re-entry timeline (in EDT and mission elapsed time; dV: change in velocity): EDT........DDD...HH...MM...EVENT 04/07/09 11:52 PM...177...20...51...Undocking command 11:55 PM...177...20...54...Physical separation (11:55:30 PM; dV: 0.3 mph) 11:58 PM...177...20...57...Soyuz separation burn 1 (15 sec; dV: 1.2 mph) 04/08/09 12:00 AM...177...20...59...ISS maneuver to duty attitude 12:08 AM...177...21...07...Russian ground station loss of signal 12:23 AM...177...21...22...Sunset 01:24 AM...177...22...23...Russian-to-U.S. attitude control handover 02:24 AM...177...23...23...Soyuz deorbit burn start (2:24:26 AM; dV: 257.7 mph) 02:27 AM...177...23...26...Sunrise 02:29 AM...177...23...27...Deorbit burn complete (2:28:47 AM) 02:49 AM...177...23...48...Separation of modules (87 miles) 02:52 AM...177...23...51...Atmospheric entry (62.5 miles) 02:54 AM...177...23...53...Entry guidance start (50.1 miles) 02:59 AM...177...23...58...Maximum G-load (23.8 miles) 03:01 AM...177...23...60...Command to open parachute (6.6 miles) 03:16 AM...178...00...15...Landing (3:16:29 AM; 1:16 PM local) 10:03 AM...178...07...02...Sunset at landing site View of the departing Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft from inside the International Space Station 1:30 PM, 4/7/09, Update: ISS-18 crew, space tourist prepare for landing (UPDATED at 9:15 p.m. with farewell ceremony; hatch closure) Outgoing space station commander Mike Fincke, flight engineer Yury Lonchakov and space tourist Charles Simonyi bid farewell to the Expedition 19 crew Tuesday and boarded a Soyuz ferry craft for re-entry and landing Wednesday in Kazakhstan. Fincke and Lonchakov, launched to the International Space Station last Oct. 12, are wrapping up a 178-day stay off planet as the core members of the lab's 18th full-time crew. Simonyi, a wealthy software developer making his second paid trip to the station, took off March 26 with Expedition 19 commander Gennady Padalka and flight engineer Michael Barratt. After a busy day of packing and readying the Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft for re-entry, Fincke, Lonchakov and Simonyi shared hugs and handshakes with Padalka, Barratt and Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata before floating into the ferry craft around 8:45 p.m. EDT. Hatches were closed a few moments later to set the stage for undocking just before midnight. Landing is expected around 3:16 a.m. Wednesday. In a brief farewell ceremony earlier Tuesday, Fincke thanked his crewmates for a successful mission and said he looked forward to re-entry in the Russian Soyuz, "a great, reliable transport vehicle, up and down. ... It's going to be an interesting and fun ride back." "I think the coolest thing in my life, outside of being married to a beautiful woman and having three kids, is to work with the international partners, all of us, the United States, Canada, the European Space Agency, Japan and of course, Russia," he said. "We do everything together, we're humanity's bright hope for the future. "So we're handing you over a station with all that," he told Padalka, Barratt and Wakata. "The pressure's on, guys! ... Good luck to you." "Well, from where I stand, I think humanity got a wonderful space station in the International Space Station," said Simonyi, the only space tourist to make two trips to the lab complex. "Maybe the only thing that is more remarkable than the size and the effectiveness of this space vehicle is the people serving on board. ... It was a difficult decision for me to fly for the second time and now, looking back, I'm so glad that I've done it. ... It was a great trip, thank you everyone. I'm looking forward to get home, to my wife, but it was a fantastic trip. Thank you." Padalka then took the microphone, saying in English, "thank you very much, guys, for (leaving) a space station in great, safe condition for us. (We're) ready to accept space station command and ready to continue our research and to prepare space station for six-person crew. Honestly, we'll be missing you. You'll be always in our hearts and we'll be looking forward to seeing you again as soon as possible. But not earlier than in six months!" Padalka, Barratt and Wakata plan to welcome three additional crew members in late May - cosmonaut Roman Romanenko, European Space Agency astronaut Frank De Winne of Belgium and Canadian Space Agency astronaut Robert Thirsk - as the station project transitions to a six-person crew for the first time. Fincke, Lonchakov and Sandra Magnus, who returned to Earth aboard the shuttle Discovery March 28, completed final preparations for the long-awaited crew increase, hooking up and testing a complex water recycling system and accepting delivery of a fourth and final set of solar arrays. "The can-do crew came through and we all worked together," Fincke radioed flight controllers Tuesday during his final daily planning conference. "So we're very proud of that, especially today." The Soyuz TMA-13 re-entry originally was planned for Tuesday, but rain, snow and soggy terrain in the normal landing zone northeast of Arkalyk, Kazakhstan, prompted Russian mission managers to delay the crew's return by one day to move the landing zone about 190 miles to the southeast where conditions were more favorable. Lonchakov will serve as commander of the Soyuz spacecraft, sitting in the center seat of the central descent module, with Fincke, serving as flight engineer, to his left and Simonyi on his right. Undocking from the downward-facing port of the Russian Zarya module is targeted for around 11:55 p.m. Tuesday. After moving a safe distance away and reaching the proper point in their orbit, Lonchakov will oversee a planned four-minute 21-second rocket firing at 2:24 a.m. that will slow the craft by about 258 mph and put it on the proper re-entry trajectory. After falling to an altitude of about 87 miles, the three modules making up the Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft will separate and the central descent module will enter the discernible atmosphere at an altitude of about 62 miles at 2:52 a.m. If all goes well, the module's main parachute will deploy shortly after 3 a.m. for a rocket-assisted touchdown at 3:16:29 a.m. Here is an updated re-entry timeline (in EDT and mission elapsed time; dV: change in velocity): EDT........DDD...HH...MM...EVENT 04/07/09 09:59 PM...177...18...58...U.S.-to-Russian attitude control handover 10:16 PM...177...19...15...Russian ground station acquisition of signal 10:28 PM...177...19...27...ISS maneuver to duty attitude 10:33 PM...177...19...32...Russian ground station loss of signal 11:22 PM...177...20...21...ISS maneuver to undocking attitude 11:24 PM...177...20...23...Sunrise 11:49 PM...177...20...48...Russian ground station acquisition of signal 11:51 PM...177...20...50...ISS to free drift 11:52 PM...177...20...51...Undocking command 11:55 PM...177...20...54...Physical separation (11:55:30 PM; dV: 0.3 mph) 11:58 PM...177...20...57...Soyuz separation burn 1 (15 sec; dV: 1.2 mph) 04/08/09 12:00 AM...177...20...59...ISS maneuver to duty attitude 12:08 AM...177...21...07...Russian ground station loss of signal 12:23 AM...177...21...22...Sunset 01:24 AM...177...22...23...Russian-to-U.S. attitude control handover 02:24 AM...177...23...23...Soyuz deorbit burn start (2:24:26 AM; dV: 257.7 mph) 02:27 AM...177...23...26...Sunrise 02:29 AM...177...23...27...Deorbit burn complete (2:28:47 AM) 02:49 AM...177...23...48...Separation of modules (87 miles) 02:52 AM...177...23...51...Atmospheric entry (62.5 miles) 02:54 AM...177...23...53...Entry guidance start (50.1 miles) 02:59 AM...177...23...58...Maximum G-load (23.8 miles) 03:01 AM...177...23...60...Command to open parachute (6.6 miles) 03:16 AM...178...00...15...Landing (3:16:29 AM; 1:16 PM local) 10:03 AM...178...07...02...Sunset at landing site "The Russian search and recovery forces ... are putting the final touches on their landing plans for this homecoming in the southeastern region of Kazakhstan," NASA landing commentator Rob Navias said early Tuesday. "Late tonight U.S. time, as the Soyuz undocks from the International Space Station, the recovery team will begin to make their way to the airport here in Karaganda, where seven Mi-8 helicopters and two fixed-wing aircraft will be standing by to take off for an hour-and-40-minute flight to the landing zone." Four helicopters will fly directly to the planned landing site 134 miles northeast of Dzhezkazgan while three will be stationed midway between the planned landing site and the so-called "ballistic" landing area where the Soyuz could end up if a problem of some sort causes a steeper-than-usual re-entry. Assuming a normal touchdown, recovery forces will be on hand within minutes to assist the returning crew. "One of the first helicopters to land will contain medical personnel to place the crew into reclining chairs so they can begin to acclimate themselves to Earth's gravity, particularly Fincke and Lonchakov, who have been off the planet for a half year," Navias said. Assuming an on-time landing, Fincke will have logged 178 days in space, pushing his total through two space station expeditions to 366 days, third on the list of most experienced U.S. astronauts behind Peggy Whitson (377 days) and Mike Foale (374 days). Lonchakov will have logged 178 days in space on this flight for a total time of 201 days over three missions. Simonyi's total will be 13 days in space for this flight, 27 including his first station visit in 2007. An inflatable tent will be set up at the landing site for initial medical checks before helicopter flights back to Karaganda and then a three-hour flight to the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City near Moscow where friends and family members will be waiting. Fincke will be welcomed home in Kazakhstan by NASA space station Program Manager Mike Suffredini, chief astronaut Steve Lindsey and a NASA flight surgeon, Steve Hart. Fincke's family will be waiting in Star City. 03:35 PM, 4/3/09, Update: Soyuz TMA-13 re-entry delayed one day due to poor conditions at planned Kazakhstan landing site; Space Adventures CEO vows additional tourist flights Snow and soggy conditions at the primary landing site in Kazakhstan have prompted Russian flight planners to order a 24-hour delay, from April 7 to 8, for the return of a Soyuz capsule carrying outgoing space station commander Mike Fincke, flight engineer Yury Lonchakov and space tourist Charles Simonyi. The mission had been scheduled to conclude with a touchdown on April 7 northeast of Arkalyk, Kazakhstan, but the landing zone has been moved to a backup site about 180 miles to the southeast where conditions may be more favorable. Touchdown now is targeted for 3:15 a.m. EDT on April 8. Fincke and Lonchakov were launched to the international space station aboard the Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft Oct. 12. Their replacements - Expedition 19 commander Gennady Padalka and flight engineer Michael Barratt, a NASA physician-astronaut, were launched March 26 aboard the Soyuz TMA-14 spacecraft. They were joined by Simonyi, a Hungarian-born U.S. software developer making his second privately funded trip to the space station. During a change-of-command ceremony Thursday, Fincke formally handed the station over to Padalka, saying "all systems are in order and Yury and I can now take a little bit of a rest and get ready, along with Charles, to come back to the planet." "Thank you very much, my best friend," Padalka replied. "Expedition 19 is very happy to get space station in great operational condition. ... We're ready to work on behalf of all our space agencies and ... all human beings." If all goes well, Fincke, Lonchakov and Simonyi will say farewell to Padalka, Barratt and Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata the evening of April 7, sealing hatches between the Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft and the downward-facing port of the Russian Zarya module around 8:45 p.m. Undocking is planned for 11:55 p.m. with a 22-second deorbit rocket firing expected at 2:24 a.m. on April 8. The three modules making up the Soyuz spacecraft will separate just before atmospheric entry at 2:52 a.m. and the central crew module carrying Fincke, Lonchakov and Simonyi will descend to a parachute-and-rocket-assisted touchdown at 3:15 a.m. Assuming an on-time landing, Fincke will have logged 178 days in space, pushing his total through two space station expeditions to 366 days, third on the list of most experienced U.S. astronauts behind Peggy Whitson (377 days) and Mike Foale (374 days). Lonchakov will have logged 178 days in space on this flight for a total time of 201 days over three missions. Simonyi's total will be 13 days in space for this flight for a total of 27 including his first station visit in 2007. Simonyi's visit was arranged through Space Adventures, a Vienna, Virginia-based company that has brokered seven space tourist flights using available seats on Russian Soyuz capsules beginning in 2001 with U.S. businessman Dennis Tito. But plans to boost the station's crew size from three to six in late May could mean a hiatus in tourist flights, at least in the near term. While one seat on a Soyuz flight scheduled for launch this fall apparently has opened up, it's not yet clear whether the Russians will fill the slot with a professional cosmonaut or allow Space Adventures to book one of its clients who has gone through training as a backup. "There is a possibility that one of Space Adventures' clients could launch on Soyuz TMA-16, which is currently scheduled for launch this Sept. 30," Eric Anderson, CEO of Space Adventures, told reporters today. "We have learned from Roskosmos (the Russian space agency) that the third seat aboard Soyuz TMA-16 may not, in fact, be used by the cosmonaut from Kazakhstan and if that seat is not used ... Roskosmos is considering both the possibility of another spaceflight participant opportunity for Space Adventures or using the seat for a professional Russian cosmonaut." Esther Dyson, a respected high-tech journalist, entrepreneur and Space Adventures investor, trained as Simonyi's backup and attended his launch at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. But it's not clear whether she could fly on such short notice or whether she could complete required training in time. There are no other known clients who are thought to have a realistic shot at the September flight. Even so, Anderson expressed optimism that additional seats will open up occasionally and he said the company is pressing ahead with plans for privately funded Soyuz missions starting in 2012 that would include a Russian commander and two tourists per mission. But it's not yet known whether the Russians can build enough Soyuz capsules and rockets to support expanded space station operations as well as tourist flights. Between the end of shuttle operations in 2010 and the debut of its replacement in 2015, the Soyuz flight rate will have to double to support six-person crew operations aboard the space station. "I am aware of the questions that have been raised regarding the ability of the Russian space industry to supply an increased number of Soyuz missions," Anderson said. "Building rockets is a complicated business, it's certainly challenging, but ... I'm confident by 2012, for example, the prospect of adding a fifth Soyuz is something that is reasonable." But tickets to space, assuming the seats are available, will be increasingly expensive. Tito's ticket reportedly cost $20 million. It has since gone up to around $35 million, according to Simonyi. In a pre-launch telephone interview with CBS News, Simonyi said the future of commercial spaceflight is "certainly not my concern." But, he added, "my feeling is the commercial pressures will be toward resolving this and have more flights." Even at the current list price, he said, the experience of flying in space is worth it for those who can afford the cost. "The price is going up," Simonyi said. "Future seats that NASA has bought are even more expensive. This has to be put into perspective because other means of getting to space are even more expensive. So this one is actually quite cost effective at the current state of technology." 4:40 PM, 3/27/09, Update: Former shuttle commander recalls wing damage, communications breakdown The exhaustive attention NASA now devotes to making sure shuttle heat shields are damage-free and safe for re-entry is a direct result of the 2003 Columbia disaster. But a blacked-out military flight 21 years ago still stands out as a warning to astronauts, engineers and managers, a frightening "close call" that had the potential to bring the shuttle program to an early end. It was that close. "I will never forget, we hung the (robot) arm over the right wing, we panned it to the (damage) location and took a look and I said to myself, 'we are going to die,'" recalled legendary shuttle commander Robert "Hoot" Gibson. "There was so much damage. I looked at that stuff and I said, 'oh, holy smokes, this looks horrible, this looks awful.'" He was seeing the worst tile damage any shuttle had ever experienced. But a perfect storm of poor communications, caused in part by military restrictions that prevented the crew from downlinking clear images showing scores of chipped and broken tiles, ultimately resulted in a flawed analysis on the ground that indicated the crew had nothing to worry about. Flight controllers were not convinced the shuttle was seriously damaged at all. Some engineers apparently believed the astronauts had been misled by poor lighting conditions and grainy TV images. The crew knew better. The images were crystal clear on the shuttle, and definitely alarming. But the astronauts reluctantly accepted the judgment of mission control and went on about their business. The mission still stands out as an example of how assumptions, poor communications and an unwillingness to challenge authority can put people in danger in high-risk endeavors like spaceflight. Shuttle Atlantis lands at Edwards AFB, Dec. 6, 1988; Extensive tile damage is visible on the ship's underside "There was a big failure to communicate," Gibson recalled in an interview this week. "When you talk about crew resource management, or cockpit resource management or any of that resource management stuff, it's real easy to be talking and not communicating. In order to be really communicating, you've got to say 'here is what's on my mind.' I think I was doing that to a major degree, but maybe I fell short by not arguing with them. But they really did not tell us what was on their minds." Gibson, a former Navy test pilot, "Top Gun" graduate, chief astronaut and veteran of five shuttle missions, was at the controls when the shuttle Atlantis blasted off Dec. 2, 1988, on the second post-Challenger mission. Carrying a top-secret spy satellite, the mission was fully classified and all communications with the astronauts were blacked out. But 85 seconds after launch, a piece of insulation on the tip of the shuttle's right-side solid-fuel booster broke away and struck Atlantis' right side. The impact was not noted on NASA television at the time and after landing, NASA engineers said that while the shuttle had suffered more tile damage than usual, "it isn't something that's of a major concern." But as it turned out, the damage was, in fact, extensive. More than 700 heat shield tiles were damaged. One tile on the shuttle's belly near the nose was completely missing and the underlying metal - a thick mounting plate that helped anchor an antenna - was partially melted. In a slightly different location, the missing tile could have resulted in a catastrophic burn through. It was the most extensive shuttle heat shield damage ever recorded until Columbia took off on its final voyage. Years later, Gibson would be asked to brief the Columbia Accident Investigation Board about his experiences aboard Atlantis and as the tale was told, "their jaws dropped," he said. Crewmate Mike Mullane devoted a chapter to the mission in his book "Riding Rockets: The Outrageous Tales of a Space Shuttle Astronaut," writing that as entry approached, "the anxiety was exhausting." "I finally gave in to Hoot's solution. The day before (entry), as he floated to the windows to do some sightseeing, he said, 'no reason to die all tensed up.' I would do my best to relax and enjoy the sights." Even so, he wrote, during Atlantis' descent "I had visions of molten aluminum being smeared backward like rain on a windshield." Gibson, Mullane, pilot Guy Gardner, Jerry Ross and William Shepherd had no idea Atlantis had been hit during ascent. It was not until the next day that mission control called up with an unusual request. The crew was asked to use Atlantis' robot arm to inspect the shuttle's heat shield on the ship's right side. Mullane, the arm operator, dutifully carried out a procedure to maneuver the arm into position so a black-and-white television camera on the end could "see" the tiles in question. "As I moved the arm lower the camera picked up streaks of white," he wrote in "Riding Rockets." "There was no mistaking what they were. ... As I continued to drop the arm lower we could see that at least one tile had been completely blasted from the fuselage. The white streaking grew thicker and faded aft beyond the view of the camera. It appeared that hundreds of tiles had been damaged and the scars extended outboard toward the carbon-composite panels on the leading edge of the wing. Had one of those been penetrated? If so, se were dead men floating." Gibson, who flew for Southwest Airlines for years after retiring from NASA, recalled his impressions as the images snapped onto TV monitors in Atlantis' cockpit and his immediate "we are going to die" reaction. "So I get on the mic and I call Houston and I tell them, Houston, we are seeing a whole lot of damage on the right wing, in the chine area and back on the right wing in the tiles. ... The ground comes back and says well, you know what, we need you guys to send us secure TV." Because the mission was classified, no pictures or television were being downlinked, even to mission control. When the decision was made to send down TV images of the tile damage, the video had to be encrypted." "So we send them secure TV," Gibson said. "The problem with secure TV is, it takes a frame, it encrypts it, it ships that frame, it takes the next frame, it encrypts it, it ships the next one, so you get a frame about every three seconds." While the astronauts beamed down the images, Gibson was thinking the worse. "I think the words 'we're in deep doo doo' were said in the cockpit, this could be a problem, guys, you know? This looks bad. Now you know, I didn't really think at that instant, yep, we're as good as dead, write our wills and all that stuff. But I did look at it and say 'holy smokes, we are going to die' to myself.'" The astronauts anxiously waited for mission control's assessment. And they were stunned when the ground called back. "We've looked at the images and mechanical says it's not a problem," the mission control CAPCOM said, according to Mullane. "The damage isn't that severe." "We couldn't believe what we were hearing," Mullane wrote. "MCC was blowing us off." Gibson then chimed in, saying "Houston, Mike is right. We're seeing a lot of damage." But mission control repeated the engineering assessment that the damage was not that severe. "I'm just perplexed at this point," Gibson said. "Because I'd never seen anything like this before. Never seen anything even close, and I'd been there since before day one. ... He came back and he said 'Hoot, they've looked at it and they've determined that it's not any worse than what we've seen on other flights.' And I am just perplexed. I think I was silent for maybe 30 seconds, because I didn't know what to say. And I came back and I said something to the effect that well, all right. It looks pretty bad to us, but you guys are the experts, so OK. "And I honestly believed at that point, the rest of my crew said, 'Oh, OK, great, no problem.' I did not. I did not believe them. I didn't want to argue with them, I didn't want to have a long drawn-out argument over the air, but I suppose I was probably remiss to some degree because I didn't quiz them some more." Of course, it's not clear what, if anything, could have been done if engineers had realized the severity of the problem. There were no tile repair tools on board the shuttle and no techniques for even getting an astronaut to the damage site. Changes to the shuttle's re-entry orientation and trajectory could have been attempted, Gibson said, but whether anything like that would have worked is an unknown. The real issue for Gibson - and the same issue was faced Columbia's crew - was that no one took the extra step to make sure the problem was fully resolved. "NASA does amazing things when they've got their back against the wall," he said. "Like Apollo 13. I've seen us work out some really dramatic things in some of the missions when we had on-orbit problems and we did in-flight maintenance and things like that. You never know what you could have done because you didn't try." Hoping for the best, Gibson and Gardner fired Atlantis' twin braking rockets on Dec. 6 to begin the shuttle's fiery descent to a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. The astronauts did not discuss any fears they may have had, but as the shuttle fell into the discernible atmosphere, Gibson kept his eyes on a gauge that showed how much the elevons at the back of each wing were deflected. "I knew that what would happen was, if we started to burn through we would change the drag on that wing," he said, "which is exactly what happened to Columbia. We would change the drag on the right wing and what we'd see happening is, we'd start seeing right elevon trim, you'd start seeing right aileron, if you will, trim, which means putting down the left elevon, moving the left elevon down. "I knew we would start developing a split (between right and left wing elevon positions) if we had excessive drag over on the right side. The automatic system would try to trim it out with the elevons. That is one of the things we always watched on re-entry anyhow, because ... if you had half a degree of trim, something was wrong, you had a bunch of something going on if you had even half a degree. Normally, you wouldn't see even a quarter of a degree of difference on the thing. "So I knew that that's what I was going to see if it started to go," Gibson said. "And therefore, that told me that I'd have at least 60 seconds to tell mission control what I thought of their analysis." But as it turned out, Atlantis did not suffer a burn through and Gibson guided the shuttle to a smooth landing at Edwards. Gathered on the runway after touchdown, the astronauts, engineers and NASA managers were astonished at what they saw. Astronauts and managers inspect heat shield damage on the runway "The damage was much worse than any of us had expected," Mullane wrote. "Technicians would eventually count 700 damaged tiles extending along half of Atlantis's length. It was by far the greatest heat shield damage recorded to date." During debriefing after the mission, Gibson finally learned why the engineering community had not taken the crew's descriptions of the damage more seriously. "Their conclusion, which they did not pass back to us, was 'oh, you know what? That's not tile damage, those are just lights and shadows we're seeing in this video.' So in other words, the resolution on the encrypted video was that bad that they based a conclusion on it that was in gross error. ... If I had said hey, I think this is important enough for us to break the encryption and send you guys clear video, oh, it would have been pandemonium down there at DOD. But in hindsight, oh man, that's what we should have done. Because they were drawing an incorrect conclusion from it and they were not telling us what their conclusion was." Wayne Hale, a veteran ascent-entry flight director and former shuttle program manager at the Johnson Space Center, agreed engineers were caught off guard by the severity of the damage when they finally saw the shuttle on the runway. "We were struggling in those days to try to maintain the security classification, so on and so forth," Hale said in a telephone interview. "When the crew reported they saw this stuff, we had a long negotiation as I recall with the customer to say well, can we look at the TV? Because we weren't supposed to see any TV from on orbit. (They said) absolutely not. Could we look at the bottom side of the shuttle? That was the agreement, that we could, but we used this special slow-scan TV. And it was grainy. "People were concerned, I suppose, but not nearly at the level that we would be today. And STS-27 has always been the worst tile damage flight we ever had. It set all the reference marks. It's interesting that there is enough capability in that thermal protection system to take that kind of damage and survive." Metal under a missing heat-shield tile is partially melted Reflecting on what Hale agreed "was a real close call," Gibson said he believes NASA came close to losing the crew and along with it, the shuttle program. STS-27 was only the second flight after the Challenger disaster and unlike Columbia, the shuttle re-entered over the Pacific Ocean for a descent to Edwards. Had Atlantis been lost, most of the wreckage would have sunk and engineers might never have discovered the cause. "We had spent all that money and all that time rebuilding and revamping and we launched one successful mission, we lost the very next one," Gibson said. "I think the Congress would have said OK, that's the end guys, we just don't need to do this again. I think that just would have been the end of it." 01:10 PM, 3/12/09, Update: Space debris passes station; crew told to exit Soyuz, re-enter station Space station commander Mike Fincke, flight engineer Yury Lonchkov and Sandra Magnus evacuated to the lab's Russian Soyuz spacecraft today because of a predicted close encounter with debris from a spent upper stage booster rocket. But the space junk streaked harmlessly past the station around 12:39 p.m. and the crew was cleared to re-enter the lab complex. "OK guys, based on all the confirmations, most likely the object passed us by," a Russian flight controller said, according to a translator. "So you are go to egress Soyuz. Yury, also please tell us are you ready to start the leak check?" "And Houston, space-to-ground 1, can you hear us?" Fincke called over the NASA communications circuit. "We have you loud and clear Mike, on space-to-ground 1," a controller in Houston replied. "OK, we understand we're clear (to) ingress back to the USOS (U.S. segment of the station)," Fincke said. "And we're all very happy the (debris) has passed with no impact," Houston replied. "That's great news." According to a NASA statement, the station crew members evacuated to the Soyuz as a precautionary measure "due to space debris that has been determined to be within the range where a collision is possible. News of the close approach came too late for flight controllers to coordinate an avoidance maneuver. A portion of a spent satellite motor is within the distance of the station's debris avoidance maneuver requirement 'box.' "Crew members are entering their Soyuz TMA-13 capsule and soft-locking the hatches, in case the debris should affect the space station and they are required to undock. The closure of the hatches ensures the safety of the crew and the ability to quickly depart the station in the unlikely event the debris collided with the station causing a depressurization." Time of closest approach was 12:39 p.m. EDT. It was not immediately known just how close the debris from the spent payload assist module, or PAM-D, upper stage rocket motor came to the international space station. But all objects in low-Earth orbit are traveling at 5 miles per second and impacts are potentially catastrophic. A 0.4 inch-wide sphere of aluminum moving at orbital speeds packs the same punch as a 400-pound safe moving at 60 mph. There are more than 18,000 pieces of space junk in low-Earth orbit the size of a baseball and larger. U.S. Strategic Command prioritizes radar tracking to protect manned spacecraft first, followed by high-priority military and civilian payloads. Normally, the station's rocket thrusters are used to change its orbit slightly when close encounters are predicted. Putting the crew in the station's Soyuz lifeboat with little warning is unusual and it was not immediately clear why an alert about today's close encounter was not delivered or received in time to carry out a course change. 12:20 PM, 3/12/09, Update: Station astronauts told to board Soyuz spacecraft as precaution due to possible close approach with space debris Space station commander Mike Fincke, flight engineer Yury Lonchkov and Sandra Magnus were told to board the lab's Russian Soyuz spacecraft because of a possible close approach by a piece of space debris. At 12:15 p.m., Fincke was told to be inside the Soyuz ferry craft in the next 20 minutes. Russian flight controllers recommended leaving the Soyuz hatch open and Fincke concurred, saying the crew would make sure it could be quickly closed if necessary. A NASA source said the debris in question was listed as "PAM-D" debris, an acronym implying it was a spent payload assist module solid-fuel motor used to boost payloads to higher orbits. It was not immediately clear if that was, in fact, what the debris might be. There are more than 18,000 pieces of space junk in low-Earth orbit the size of a baseball and larger. U.S. Strategic Command prioritizes radar tracking to protect manned spacecraft first, followed by high-priority military and civilian payloads. Normally, the station's rocket thrusters are used to change its orbit slightly when close encounters are predicted. Putting the crew in the station's Soyuz lifeboat is unusual. It was not immediately clear why a maneuver was not carried out today or whether the alert came in too late. Additional details will be posted as they become available. 11:00 PM, 3/6/09, Update: Kepler launched on planet-finding mission (UPDATED at 12:30 a.m. with spacecraft separation) Lighting up the night sky, a Delta 2 rocket roared to life and vaulted away from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station late today, boosting a powerful space telescope into orbit around the sun for a $591 million mission to search for Earth-like planets orbiting distant stars. "I think people everywhere want to know whether, with all the stars out there, do they have planets that are Earth-sized?" said principal investigator William Borucki of NASA's Ames Research Center. "Are Earths frequent or are they rare? And this gives us that answer. It's the next step in mankind's exploration of the galaxy." The Kepler spacecraft's three-and-a-half-year mission began on time at 10:49:57 p.m. with a crackling roar and a torrent of fire that briefly turned night into day along Florida's space coast. Putting on a spectacular weekend sky show, the United Launch Alliance Delta 2 rocket quickly climbed from its sea-side launch pad and arced away to the east over the Atlantic Ocean as it streaked toward space. Just over one minute after launch, six solid-fuel strap-on boosters that were ignited at liftoff to assist the Delta's first-stage engine burned out and fell away while a final set of three ignited for another one-minute burn. The first-stage engine shut down as planned four-and-a-half minutes after launch and the ascent continued on the power of the Delta's compact second stage. Two second-stage burns were required before Kepler and its solid-fuel third stage motor were released for a final one-and-a-half-minute firing to boost the craft out of Earth orbit. Spacecraft separation came on time at 11:52 p.m. At that point, Kepler was moving out at a blistering 6.2 miles per second. This was the 339th Delta rocket launched since 1960, the 141st upgraded Delta 2, and the 86th successful Delta launch in a row dating back to January 1997. The Delta 2 record now stands at 139 successful missions against just two failures. "And now we have plenty of handshakes going on here in the mission director's center because we have confirmation of spacecraft separation," said NASA launch commentator George Diller. "It did occur on time at 61 minutes 49 seconds. ... So at this point, the Kepler team now really gets to work." Engineers will spend about two months checking out and calibrating Kepler's complex systems before the mission begins in earnest. Trailing the Earth in its orbit around the sun, Kepler will aim a 95-megapixel camera on a patch of sky the size of an out-stretched hand that contains more than 4.5 million detectable stars. Of that total, the science team has picked some 300,000 that are of the right age, composition and brightness to host Earth-like planets. Over the life of the mission, more than 100,000 of those will be actively monitored by Kepler. The spacecraft's camera will not take pictures like other space telescopes. Instead, it will act as a photometer, continually monitoring the brightness of candidate stars in its wide field of view and the slight dimming that will result if planets happen to pass in front. By studying subtle changes in brightness from such planetary transits - comparable to watching a flea creep across a car's headlight at night - and the timing of repeated cycles, scientists can ferret out potential Earth-like worlds in habitable-zone orbits. The probability of finding sun-like stars with Earth-like planets in orbits similar to ours - and aligned so that Kepler can "see" them - is about one-half of 1 percent. Given the sample size, however, that still leaves hundreds of potential discoveries. But it will take three-and-a-half years of around-the-clock observations to capture the repeated cycles needed to confirm detection of an Earth-like world in an Earth-like orbit. "There's a lot of desire in the science community to understand extra-terrestrial planets, not just find them," said Ed Weiler, NASA's associate administrator for space science. "We've already found 300 or so, mostly from the ground. But now we're entering the stage of going beyond just proving that they exist. It's how many are out there, and perhaps the most important question of all, are there any Earth's out there? "So far, even though we've discovered (more than) 300 planets, we haven't discovered any that are the size of the Earth in the so-called habitable zone, that is, a planet close enough to the star where it's warm enough for water to be liquid, not frozen, or not too close to the sun where it would boil off. So Kepler is going to be the first mission that starts to answer that question, are there any Earth's out there?" Named in honor of Johannes Kepler, the 17th century German astronomer who formulated the laws of planetary motion, NASA's newest science satellite weighs 2,320 pounds and measures 15.3 feet from top to bottom. It is equipped with four solar panels capable of generating 1,100 watts of power, a radiation-hardened PowerPC flight computer and a Ka-band communications link to relay science data back to Earth. The spacecraft was built by Ball Aerospace of Boulder, Colo. Kepler will pass the moon's orbit in just two days as it heads into a 371-day orbit around the sun, separating slowly from Earth. It will aim itself at a patch of sky near the left wing of Cygnus the Swan, midway between the stars Deneb and Vega. And then, Kepler will simply stare at the same stars for three-and-a-half years. "An Earth-like planet passing in front of a sun-like star is going to cause the brightness of that star to dim by only 1 part per 10,000," said Natalie Batalha, a Kepler co-investigator at San Jose State University. "That's like looking at a headlight from a great distance and trying to sense the brightness change when a flea crawls across the surface. But the Kepler instrument is designed to detect such small changes in brightness." Kepler is capable of detecting Earth-like planets around stars ranging from 600 to 3,000 light years away. The science team is particularly interested in planets that may orbit within a star's habitable zone, the region around a star where water on a planet can exist as a liquid. Habitable zones vary in location depending on a star's size and brilliance. By timing changes in a star's light as a transit occurs, scientists can figure out the size of a presumed planet's orbit and thus whether it falls in that star's habitable zone. "The habitable zone is where we think water will be," Borucki said. "If you can find liquid water on the surface, we think we may very well find life there. So that zone is not too close to the star, because it's too hot and the water boils. Not too far away where the water's condensed and ice-covered, a planet covered with glaciers. It's the goldilocks zone, not too hot, not too cold, just right for life." Weiler said Kepler is a pathfinder of sorts for more sophisticated missions that may one day study the atmospheres of Earth-like planets to look for signs of biological - or even industrial - activity. "A lot of scientists out there would like to immediately go out and build very large telescopes, not just to find Earth-like planets but to study their atmospheres, to search for clues that there might be life on those planets," Weiler said. "The trouble is, most of these proposals start at about $5 billion and work upwards from there. "Before we actually take the next step, looking for signs of life on Earth-like planets, we've got to be sure there are at least a few Earth-like planets out there. And that's why Kepler is so important. It's a rather small mission, a moderate mission, around ($600 million), and it's really a pathfinder for future large space telescopes that will go after the question that we all have, are we alone in the universe?" 5:50 PM, 3/6/09, Update: Kepler set for launch NASA's Kepler spacecraft, the centerpiece of a $591 million mission to find out how common - or rare - Earth-like planets might be in the Milky Way, is poised for blastoff this evening atop a United Launch Alliance Delta 2 rocket. Liftoff from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is targeted for 10:49:57 p.m. A second three-minute window is available at 11:17:44 p.m. if needed. As of this writing there are no technical problems of any significance at launch complex 17B, officials say, and forecasters are predicting good weather. The Kepler spacecraft is equipped with a 95-megapixel camera attached to a Schmidt telescope with a 55-inch primary mirror. Trailing Earth in its orbit around the sun, Kepler will aim its camera at a single point in the sky for at least three-and-a-half years. By monitoring subtle changes in the brightness of more than 100,000 stars, scientists hope to identify Earth-like planets as they pass in front of their parent suns. Based on the type of star in question, and how long it takes for an unseen planet to complete an orbit, scientists should be able to tell if any Earth-like worlds are present in a star's habitable zone where water, essential to life as we know it, can exist in liquid form. "Kepler is designed to find hundreds of Earth-size planets, if such planets are common around stars, dozen of these planets, if they are in the habitable zone," said William Borucki, Kepler principal investigator at NASA's Ames Research Center. "If we find that many, it certainly will mean that life may well be common throughout our galaxy because there's an opportunity for life to have a place to evolve. If, on the other hand, we don't find any, that will be another profound discovery. It will mean that Earths must be very rare, we might be the only life in our Universe." Here is a timeline of tonight's launch through spacecraft separation (in HH:MM:SS and EST): EVENT...................................T+H:MM:SS.....EST Liftoff...................................0:00:00.0...10:49:57 PM Mach 1....................................0:00:32.7 Maximum Dynamic Pressure..................0:00:47.6 Six Solid Motors Burnout..................0:01:03.1 Three Solid Motors Ignition...............0:01:05.5 Jettison Three Solid Motors...............0:01:06.0 Jettison Three Solid Motors...............0:01:07.0 Three Solid Motors Burnout................0:02:08.8 Jettison Three Solid Motors...............0:02:11.5 Main Engine Cutoff (MECO).................0:04:23.3 Vernier Engine Cutoff (VECO)..............0:04:29.3 First- and Second-Stage Separation........0:04:31.3...10:54:28 PM Second-Stage Ignition.....................0:04:36.8...10:54:34 PM Jettison Fairing..........................0:04:41.0 First Cutoff - Second Stage (SECO 1)......0:09:56.0...10:59:53 PM Begin Reorientation Maneuver..............0:12:30.0 End Reorientation Maneuver................0:17:30.0 Begin BBQ Maneuver........................0:17:50.0 End BBQ Maneuver..........................0:44:57.0 Begin Reorientation Maneuver..............0:50:02.0 End Reorientation Maneuver................0:50:20.0 Second-Stage Restart Ignition.............0:53:10.0...11:43:07 PM Second Cutoff - Second Stage (SECO 2).....0:54:13.8...11:44:11 PM Begin Reorientation Maneuver..............0:54:19.8 End Reorientation Maneuver................0:54:52.8 Third-Stage Spin-up.......................0:54:53.8 Second- and Third-Stage Separation........0:54:56.8...11:44:54 PM Third-Stage Ignition - NCS Enable.........0:55:33.8...11:45:31 PM Third-Stage Burnout (TECO)................0:57:00.1...11:46:57 PM Disable NCS Ð Initiate Yo-Yo Despin.......1:01:43.8 Kepler Separation.........................1:01:48.8...11:51:46 PM This status report will be updated after spacecraft separation, or as conditions warrant. 3:50 PM, 3/5/09, Update: Kepler camera will scan starlight for signs of Earth-like planets in pioneering mission In a galaxy of 200 billion or more stars, one could argue planets like Earth - orbiting suitable stars in habitable "Goldilocks" zones where water exists in liquid form and the temperature is not too hot or too cold - must be common. After all, if only a tiny fraction of the Milky Way's stars harbor such planets, one could still expect untold thousands, if not millions, of potentially habitable worlds. And with numbers like that,Êit's not at all unreasonable to suppose life arose on at least some of them.ÊExtending that argument to the countless galaxies populating the observable universe, one could easily assume the cosmos must be teeming with life. But statistics alone prove nothing about how solar systems might be constructed. While more than 340 planets have been detected orbiting other stars, the limitations of Earth-based observations mean, with a few exceptions, only huge, Jupiter-class gas giants have been identified to date, many of them orbiting hellishly close to their parent stars. Whether such seemingly strange solar system architectures are common or whether they are simply easier to detect using current methods, is not yet clear. Whether Earth-like planets are common or rare is simply unknown.ÊBut it is a question with profound implications, one at the heart of any debate about the possibility of life elsewhere in the universe. NASA plans to take a major step toward answering that question, one way or the other, with launch of a Delta 2 rocket Friday carrying a sophisticated solar-powered satellite called Kepler that is equipped with one of the most powerful digital cameras ever built for space. The $591 million mission is scheduled for liftoff from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at 10:49:57 p.m. EST. "To this point in time, if you asked me are there other earth's out there, I'd say absolutely, there have to be, we can't be so special," said NASA science chief Ed Weiler. "But if you ask me to prove it, I can't." The Kepler mission "very possibly could tell us that earths are very, very common, that we have lots of neighbors out there. Or, it could tell us that earth's are really, really, really rare, perhaps we're the only Earth," Weiler said. "I think that would be a very bad answer because I for one don't want to live in an empty universe where we're the best there is. That's a scary thought to many of us! But Kepler will tell us that answer, and it will tell us soon." Trailing the Earth in its orbit around the sun, the Kepler spacecraft will aim a 95-megapixel camera on a patch of sky the size of an out-stretched hand that contains more than 4.5 million detectable stars. Of that total, the science team has picked some 300,000 that are of the right age, composition and brightness to host Earth-like planets. Over the life of the mission, more than 100,000 of those will be actively monitored by Kepler. The spacecraft's camera will not take pictures like other space telescopes, rather it will act as a photometer and continually monitor the brightness of candidate stars in its wide field of view and the slight dimming that will result if planets happen to pass in front. By studying subtle changes in brightness from such planetary transits - comparable to watching a flea creep across a car's headlight at night - and the timing of repeated cycles, computer analysis can ferret out potential Earth-like worlds in habitable-zone orbits. The probability of finding sun-like stars with Earth-like planets in orbits similar to ours - and aligned so that Kepler can "see" them - is about one-half of 1 percent. Given the sample size, however, that still leaves hundreds of potential discoveries. But it will take three-and-a-half years of around-the-clock observations to capture the repeated cycles needed to confirm detection of an Earth-like world in an Earth-like orbit. "Kepler is designed to find hundreds of Earth-size planets, if such planets are common around stars, dozen of these planets, if they are in the habitable zone," said William Borucki, Kepler principal investigator at NASA's Ames Research Center. "If we find that many, it certainly will mean that life may well be common throughout our galaxy because there's an opportunity for life to have a place to evolve. If, on the other hand, we don't find any, that will be another profound discovery. It will mean that Earths must be very rare, we might be the only life in our Universe. In fact, it will mean there will be no Star Trek." But he quickly added: "We are hoping to find hundreds, of course. ... Although Kepler will not find E.T., it is hoping to find E.T.'s home." Jon Morse, director of astrophysics at NASA headquarters in Washington, described Kepler as "our planetary census taker." "We're going to get the full sweep of the types of planets in different types of orbits around different types of stars through a big cross-section of our galaxy," he said. "It is going to shape the way that we formulate our plans for future missions on our quest to find Earth-like planets and study their atmospheres and look for the bio-markers like the types of molecules in our atmosphere that may indicate life." Said Michael Bicay, director of science at the Ames Research Center: "The ramifications of the results of this mission, whatever those results are, are going to be significant in our understanding of the frequency of Earth-size planets in the local galaxy and the habitable zones." Named in honor of Johannes Kepler, the 17th century Copernican astronomer who formulated the laws of planetary motion, NASA's newest science satellite weighs 2,320 pounds and measures 15.3 feet from top to bottom. It is equipped with four solar panels capable of generating 1,100 watts of power, a radiation-hardened PowerPC flight computer and a Ka-band communications link to relay science data back to Earth. The spacecraft was built by Ball Aerospace of Boulder, Colo. Following launch from Complex 17B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Kepler will pass the moon's orbit in just two days as it heads into a 371-day orbit around the sun, separating slowly from Earth. It will aim itself at a patch of sky near the left wing of Cygnus the Swan, midway between the stars Deneb and Vega. And then, Kepler will simply stare at the same stars for three-and-a-half years. The science team will check in twice a week to check the spacecraft's health and upload commands. Once a month, Kepler will look away from its target area, point is high-gain antenna toward Earth and downlink stored data. Every three months, the spacecraft will rotate 90-degrees around its long axis to keep its fixed solar panels face on to the sun and its radiator pointed toward deep space. Kepler's single science instrument is built around a 55-inch mirror and a 37-inch corrector plate that represents a modified Schmidt telescope design. Light from the primary mirror comes to a focus on an assembly of charge coupled devices, or CCDs, similar in operation to the chips used in commercial video and still cameras. But unlike commercial cameras, Kepler's Focal Plane Array is made up of 42 CCDs, each one measuring 2.32 inches by 1.1 inches and containing 2,200 by 1,024 picture elements, or pixels, for a total of 95 million pixels. The focal plane will be maintained at minus 121 degrees Fahrenheit to improve sensitivity and minimize electrical "noise" in the system. Special lenses will smear out the starlight slightly to make slight changes in brightness more easily detectable. "An Earth-like planet passing in front of a sun-like star is going to cause the brightness of that star to dim by only 1 part per 10,000," said Natalie Batalha, a Kepler co-investigator at San Jose State University. "That's like looking at a headlight from a great distance and trying to sense the brightness change when a flea crawls across the surface. But the Kepler instrument is designed to detect such small changes in brightness." Kepler will be aimed at the same spot in the sky, measuring 10 degrees by 10 degrees, for the life of the mission, actively observing more than 100,000 candidate stars. In contrast, the moon's apparent angular diameter is 0.5 degrees. The Hubble Space Telescope focuses on areas the size of a rice grain held at arm's length. A planetary transit will cause the light from a target star to dim, or wink, on timescales of one to 12 hours, depending on the type of star and the size of the planet's orbit. For a planet like Earth passing in front of a star like the sun, the star's light would dim by just 84 parts per million, or less than 1/100th of 1 percent. Kepler is capable of detecting Earth-like planets around stars ranging from 600 to 3,000 light years away. The Kepler team is particularly interested in planets that may orbit within a star's habitable zone, the region around a star where water on a planet can exist as a liquid. Habitable zones vary in location depending on a star's size and brilliance. By timing changes in a star's light as a transit occurs, scientists can figure out the size of a presumed planet's orbit and thus whether it falls in that star's habitable zone. "The habitable zone is where we think water will be," Borucki said. "If you can find liquid water on the surface, we think we may very well find life there. So that zone is not too close to the star, because it's too hot and the water boils. Not too far away where the water's condensed and ice-covered, a planet covered with glaciers. It's the goldilocks zone, not too hot, not too cold, just right for life." Brief changes in a star's light output imply an extremely hot planet orbiting close to its parent. Longer transits imply planets at greater distances. "We are interested in finding planets that are not too hot, not too cold, but just right," Borucki said. In its first year of operation, Kepler is expected to discover Jupiter-class super planets orbiting close to their parent stars with periods of just a few days. The Kepler team requires multiple transits to make sure the photometer is not seeing some other phenomenon, like the passage of an unseen companion star or a major disturbance in the target star's appearance. Ground-based astronomers then will be asked to attempt confirmation and only then will results be announced. "After several months of data processing and confirmation by ground-based telescopes, scientists hope to announce their first results approximately in December 2009 at NASA Headquarters ... about giant planets found in short-period orbits," NASA said in its Kepler press kit. "Discovery of Earth-size planets in Earth-like orbits requires nearly the full lifetime of the 3.5-year mission, although in some cases three transits are seen in just a little more than two years. Other results that require the full 3.5 years of data are: Planets as small as Mars in short period orbits, which utilizes the addition of dozens or more transits to be detectable; and the detection of giant-inner planets that do not transit the star, but do periodically modulate the apparent brightness due to reflected light from the planet." The first announcement of any Earth-like planets orbiting stars like the sun is not expected before December 2012. "What I'm hoping, expecting to see as a community scientist is in the first six months to a year, the big, massive hot Jupiters are going to roll off the Kepler assembly line," said Debra Fischer, astronomy professor at San Francisco State University and a veteran exoplanet observer. "This is exciting because these are bizarre planets. We don't really understand the statistics, how they form, how they moved into their current position and just the sheer number of these objects that Kepler will find is going to help us learn a lot about the systems. "And then the next class of planets I think will roll out will be perhaps the hot Neptunes," she said. "Significantly smaller than Jupiter, these objects are thought to exist around something like 30 percent of stars like our sun and low-mass stars. And if that is correct, then Kepler should see quite a few of these very large, something like 17 times the mass of the Earth, orbiting." "And then the hardest detection and by far the most exciting is going to be the detection of bona fide Earths - small, rocky planets, Earth-size planets." While such planets are often thought of as terrestrial "rocky" worlds, "I think that the science fiction writers are going to be challenged to imagine the diversity that we could expect to find, even in this type of planets," Fischer said. "They may not be rocky worlds, they may be water worlds without plate tectonics that force the landmass up above the oceans. These could be worlds that, in fact, have life like our oceans, OK? But perhaps not sending radio signals to us." 3:55 PM, 2/26/09, Update: NASA budget overview shows Obama support for one additional shuttle flight, return to moon The Obama administration's proposed 2010 budget provides $18.7 billion for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Including $1 billion that went to NASA from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, the new budget proposal represents a $2.4 billion increase over 2008 funding levels, according to the White House Office of Management and Budget. The budget blueprint continues to support the Bush administration's directive to finish the space station and retire the shuttle in 2010 and to return astronauts to the moon around the end of the next decade. "NASA's astronauts and robotic spacecraft have been exploring our solar system and the universe for more than 50 years," according to an OMB budget overview. "The agency will create a new chapter of this legacy as it works to return Americans to the moon by 2020 as part of a robust human and robotic space exploration program. "NASA also will send a broad suite of robotic missions to destinations throughout the solar system and develop a bold new set of astronomical observatories to probe the mysteries of the universe, increasing investment in research, data analysis, and technology development in support of these goals." In a short statement, acting NASA Administrator Christopher Scolese said "the $18.7 billion budget proposal for 2010 is fiscally responsible and reflects the administration's desire for a robust and innovative agency aligned with the president's goals of advancing our nationÕs scientific, educational, economic and security interests." "This budget ensures NASA maintains its global leadership in Earth and space research, and it advances global climate change studies, funds a robust program of human and robotic space exploration, allows us to realize the full potential of the international space station, advances development of new space transportation systems, and renews our commitment to aeronautics." The budget also endorses research on global climate change, saying NASA will use National Research Council recommendations to guide development of new environmental research satellites and sensors "to ensure continuity of measurements that have long-term research applications benefits." "I think it's a strong statement on the part of the Obama administration that they want a success-oriented space program, that they're committed to a vision of exploration," John Logsdon, professor emeritus at George Washington University and founder of the Space Policy Institute, told CBS Radio. "They are intending to retire the shuttle in 2010 and conduct a balanced program. So I think it's a very strong budget." In the wake of the 2003 Columbia disaster, the Bush administration ordered NASA to finish the space station and retire the shuttle by 2010. At the same time, the agency was told to begin development of a new, safer manned spacecraft that could carry astronauts to and from low-Earth orbit and eventually, on to the moon. The Constellation program that eventually was approved calls for development of a new rocket called Ares 1 that is made up of a five-segment shuttle solid-fuel booster and an advanced Apollo-era hydrogen-fueled upper stage. The Ares 1 would be used to boost new Orion crew capsules into orbit. A much more powerful, unmanned rocket called the Ares 5 would be developed later to launch lunar landers and to propel landers and Orion capsules on to the moon. The Ares 1 will not be operational before late 2014 or early 2015. Between the retirement of the shuttle in 2010 and the debut of Ares 1/Orion, NASA astronauts will be forced to hitch rides to and from the space station aboard Russian Soyuz rockets. Obama said during the presidential campaign that he hoped to narrow the five-year gap, but it's not clear how the new budget addresses that issue. "That's a situation we put ourselves in by a decade or more of decision making," Logsdon said. "And there's really not a band-aid that can fix it." Critics have attacked the Constellation architecture on a variety of fronts, arguing other designs offer more flexibility, comparable safety and lower costs. The OMB's 2010 budget overview does not mention Ares rockets by name or indicate whether the new administration supports the current architecture beyond endorsing a return to the moon. While few details were included in the overview released today, the new budget reflects President Obama's campaign promise to look into adding one additional shuttle flight in 2010, presumably to carry a sophisticated physics experiment called the the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer to the space station. "NASA will fly the space shuttle to complete the international space station and then retire the shuttle in 2010; an additional flight may be conducted if it can safely and affordably be flown by the end of 2010," the overview stated. "Funds freed from the shuttle's retirement will enable the agency to support development of systems to deliver people and cargo to the international space station and the moon." As for the space station, "NASA will continue to assemble and utilize the international space station, the permanently crewed facility orbiting Earth that enables the agency to develop, test, and validate critical space exploration technologies and processes. NASA also will continue to coordinate with international partners to make this platform available for other government entities, commercial industry, and academic institutions to conduct research." Said Logsdon, "President Obama has delivered, between the stimulus package and this proposed increase in the budget, on his promise to up the NASA budget by $2 billion. It's a little disappointing that the out years don't show any additional increase above inflation. But this is a pretty substantial budget." 5:40 AM, 2/24/09, Update: NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory fails (UPDATED at 9:15 a.m. with news conference) NASA's $273 million Orbiting Carbon Observatory satellite crashed into the ocean near Antarctica shortly after launch today from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., atop an Orbital Sciences Corp. Taurus XL booster. Telemetry indicated a protective nose cone fairing failed to separate early in the climb to space, weighing the rocket down and preventing the spacecraft from reaching orbit. "It's a huge disappointment to the entire team that's worked very hard over years and years and really did their best to see it through," said NASA launch manager Chuck Dovale. "The reason not everyone is able to do this is, it's hard. And even when you do the best you can, you can still fail. It's a tough business." Said John Brunschwyler, manager of the Taurus rocket program for Orbital Sciences: "Our whole team, at a very personal level, are disappointed in the events of this morning. It's very hard and, as I said, at a very personal level, (we're) upset with the results." The 986-pound satellite's four-stage solid-fuel Taurus XL rocket blasted off at 4:55:30 a.m. EST and roared away from its Vandenberg launch pad about five minutes behind schedule because of a minor technical glitch. The ascent appeared normal and telemetry indicated all systems were working as planned through the first stage burn, stage separation and second stage ignition. Seven seconds after the second stage fired up, the satellite's protective clamshell nose cone was commanded to separate. The 63-inch-wide carbon composite fairing is designed to separate in two pieces and fall away using small pyrotechnic devices that are activated by a series of electrical pulses. "We have confirmation that the correct sequence was sent by the software," said Brunschwyler. "We had good power going into this event and we also had a healthy indications of our electronics box that sent the signal. Once that time had passed, which was about three minutes into the flight, we observed various pieces of telemetry that, of course, we then try to correlate because at first, being humans, we don't necessarily believe one piece of data." While engineers were studying telemetry, the Taurus XL's third and fourth stage motors ignited as planned. But it soon became clear the fairing was still in place and that its weight was preventing the rocket from accelerating normally. "The fairing has considerable weight relative to the portion of the vehicle that's flying," Brunschwyler said. "So when it separates off, you get a jump in acceleration. We did not have that jump in acceleration. As a direct result of carrying that extra weight, we could not make orbit. The initial indications are the vehicle did not have enough delta V (velocity) to reach obit and landed just short of Antarctica in the ocean." The Orbiting Carbon Observatory was designed to study natural and man-made carbon dioxide emission and absorption to help scientists assess how the greenhouse gas might be contributing to global warming. "OCO was an important mission to measure critical elements of the carbon cycle," said Michael Freilich, director of NASA's Earth sciences division at agency headquarters. "Over the next several days, weeks and months, we're going to carefully evaluate how to move forward and advance that science given our evaluation of the assets that are on orbit now, the assets of our international partners and the existence of flight spares in order to thoughtfully put together a program, as rapidly as possible, to pick up where OCO left off." But Freilich said it was too soon to say whether a follow-on mission might be approved or how long that process might take. In the near term, NASA plans to name an investigation board to determine what went wrong with today's launching and what might be needed to ensure no similar problems happen on future flights. A Taurus is scheduled to launch another NASA environmental research satellite - Glory - later this year. Officials said today it's too early to say how the mishap might affect those plans. This was the eighth launch of a Taurus XL rocket and the second mission failure. It was NASA's first mission using the solid-fuel rocket after a certification process intended to ensure safety and reliability. A sticker on the ill-fated nose cone called attention to that certification, signifying what Brunschwyler described before launch as a process "to ensure it's the lowest risk possible for these valuable payloads." 4:30 PM, 2/18/09, Update: NASA plans to pursue flagship-class dual-orbiter Jupiter mission with European Space Agency NASA and the European Space Agency hope to launch two flagship-class orbiters to Jupiter in the 2020 timeframe to study the giant planet in unprecedented detail before slipping into orbits around the icy moons Ganymede and Europa for close-up inspections. Both moons may harbor vast oceans under their frozen crusts that make them high-priority targets for extended exploration. Representatives of both space agencies agreed last week to focus on Jupiter in the near term but to continue studies of a proposed mission to Saturn to study the ringed planet's cloudy moon Titan with a NASA orbiter, a European lander and a research balloon. "We have determined a prioritization," said Jim Green, director of the planetary science division at NASA headquarters in Washington, told reporters today. "We believe that the Europa Jupiter System Mission is more technically ready than the Titan Saturn System Mission and therefore will be our next outer planet flagship effort." NASA's proposed 11,000-pound Europa-Jupiter orbiter would launch aboard an unmanned Atlas 5 rocket in 2020 and reach Jupiter after a six-year voyage. With an expected price tag of $2.5 billion to $3 billion, the spacecraft first would orbit Jupiter for three years or so before maneuvering into orbit around Europa. The European Space Agency's Ganymede orbiter would cost in the neighborhood of $1 billion, Green said. The two spacecraft would be launched independently, but arrive at roughly the same time. A coordinated suite of instruments and investigations would be designed to produce complementary data. Six previous U.S.-led missions flew past Jupiter and its moons - Pioneers 10 and 11, Voyagers 1 and 2, the Ulysses solar probe and the Saturn-bound Cassini - but only one, NASA's Galileo spacecraft, went into orbit around the huge planet, arriving in 1995 and plunging into its atmosphere in 2003. During 12 flybys of Europa, Galileo sent back pictures showing cracked and jumbled ice rafts in a frozen surface nearly devoid of craters. By precisely measuring the moon's gravitational pull on Galileo, scientists came to believe a vast ocean of liquid water is likely hidden beneath the icy crust. "Europa is just a tremendously exciting water world," Green said. "It has an underground ocean with probably more water in it than the Earth does. Everything that we know about Europa has really come from 12 flybys of Galileo." The Galileo mission is considered an extraordinary success, even though its main antenna never unfolded properly and the spacecraft was only able to beam back a fraction of the data scientists originally expected. The new Europa Jupiter spacecraft would build on those results and resolve a host of unanswered questions. "The Europa orbiter will do a lot more than Galileo did for us," said Curt Niebur, program scientist at NASA headquarters. "It will be a much more capable spacecraft with more advanced instruments and a larger instrument suite as well. But most importantly, it will be able to transmit a tremendous amount of data back to Earth, something which Galileo could not do because of its antenna problem. Because of that, we expect that this mission will increase our knowledge of Jupiter and Europa well beyond what Galileo did for us." The proposed orbiter "will be able to monitor Jupiter for multiple years and provide movies of the cloud dynamics and the formation mechanisms of the Great Red Spot, the white ovals and how they interact, something that Galileo was able to do only in a very limited fashion. We'll be able to keep up that monitoring on a daily basis for up to three-and-a-half years." "Orbiting Europa, we'll be able to get a global map of the surface," Niebur said. "In fact, we'll create four global maps in various colors. One of those maps will be stereo, we'll get complete topography of Europa's surface, the entire surface, something Galileo did not do. We will get compositional information on the surface so we understand what it's made of. And we'll also probe the interior of Europa. There will be a ground-penetrating radar on board that we will use to determine the ice shelf thickness and structure and we also hope to probe deeply enough to detect the ocean directly." The Europa orbiter will use three independent techniques to study the presumed ocean, including gravity measurements. "We all firmly believe there's an ocean under the ice at Europa," Niebur said. "This mission is going to verify that using three different lines of inquiry, three independent lines of inquiry, so that we can very well understand the nature of it." Green said measurements of surface composition will help scientists understand how the hidden ocean affects the surface. "It's clear that the surface of Europa is relatively new," he said, "it's not cratered, it's been resurfaced, probably much like (Saturn's moon) Enceladus where there's been major (geyser-like) plume activity and resurfacing going on. We expect that ocean to have communicated in some manner with the surface." Asked why a lander wasn't considered for the proposed mission, Niebur said scientists simply don't know enough about the moon's surface. "Before you're able to land on a body, you need to first understand the surface and we don't have sufficient data on what the surface of Europa is like in terms of boulders, crevices, things like that, to be able to safely design a lander that would survive landing," he said. "So the Europa orbiter mission will map the surface just as we've mapped Mars and then we will better characterize the surface so we can land at some future date." 6:10 PM, 2/15/09, Update: Fireball reported over Texas; FAA warned of possible satellite debris Saturday The Federal Aviation Administration issued a warning to pilots and aircrews Saturday advising them to be on the lookout for possible "re-entry of satellite debris," presumably from an unprecedented satellite collision in space last week. Today, there were reports in Texas of at least one fireball and sounds of an explosion - possibly a sonic boom - but an FAA spokesman said it was not yet known whether the sightings involved satellite debris and if so, whether it came from either destroyed spacecraft. "Late this morning, people started reporting to law enforcement there was a quote-unquote fireball and some people reported an explosion, which we suspect was probably a sonic boom," said Roland Herwig, a spokesman for the FAA's Southwest Region. "We had put out, the FAA had put out a notice to airmen, called a NOTAM, yesterday morning for pilots, for air crews to be on the lookout for space debris re-entering and and if they see anything to let the FAA know the location, the direction of travel, anything else they could about that. The notice to airmen says we suspect, we don't know, that this debris is from the two satellites that collided last week." The actual NOTAM, however, does not mention the space collision Wednesday between a commercial Iridium telephone satellite and a defunct Russian communications station known as Cosmos 2251. In any case, Herwig told reporters today there was no immediate "evidence of damage, no evidence of injuries, no evidence of anyone yet finding a chunk of satellite." "We told the sheriff's departments, police departments, that people should be cautious around any debris that they do find," he said in a 5:30 p.m. EST teleconference. "But we have not gotten feedback on any debris. Nor have any aircrews reported anything." He said until someone recovers actual debris, it may be impossible to tell whether the sightings involved wreckage from the Iridium-Cosmos crash, some other satellite or debris from a meteor. He said the Limestone County sheriff's office reported contact from someone who claimed to have a picture of the fireball and a smoke trail and a Plano, Texas, police cruiser may have capture images from a dashboard camera. The collision between the Iridium-33 satellite and Cosmos 2251 occurred over northern Siberia at an altitude of about 490 miles around noon Wednesday. It was the first such collision in space history. An analysis of the orbits by Analytical Graphics Inc. concluded the spacecraft crashed into each other at some 15,000 mph, creating two large clouds of debris that continued along each spacecraft's orbital track. The Cosmos ground track did not appear to cross the United States earlier today, but the Iridium's orbit did, according to widely available satellite tracking software. Whether any debris from the relatively small satellite could have re-entered from the initially high altitude and caused the sort of fireball reported in Texas was not known. Here is the NOTAM that was posted Saturday by the FAA: "FDC 9/5902 FDC .. SPECIAL NOTICE .. EFFECTIVE IMMEDIATELY UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE. AIRCRAFT ARE ADVISED THAT A POTENTIAL HAZARD MAY OCCUR DUE TO REENTRY OF SATELLITE DEBRIS INTO THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERE. FURTHER NOTAMS WILL BE ISSUED IF MORE INFORMATION BECOMES AVAILABLE. IN THE INTEREST OF FLIGHT SAFETY, IT IS CRITICAL THAT ALL PILOTS/FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS REPORT ANY OBSERVED FALLING SPACE DEBRIS TO THE APPROPRIATE ATC FACILITY TO INCLUDE POSITION, ALTITUDE, TIME, AND DIRECTION OF DEBRIS OBSERVED." Herwig said he did not know what prompted the NOTAM or whether it originated with U.S. Strategic Command, which tracks satellites and space debris, or some other organization. "It's usually something that's passed on to us by law enforcement or some other agency to create a notice," he said. "The notice is open ended, it says 'effective immediately until further notice, a potential hazard may occur due to re-entry of satellite debris.'" 03:30 PM, 2/11/09, Update: Satellite collision assessed (UPATED at 5 p.m. with Iridium statement; UPDATED at 5:30 p.m. with Stratcom interview) In an unprecedented space collision, a commercial Iridium communications satellite and a defunct Russian satellite ran into each other Tuesday above northern Siberia, creating a cloud of wreckage, officials said today. The international space station does not appear to be threatened by the debris, they said, but it's not yet clear whether it poses a risk to any other military or civilian satellites. "They collided at an altitude of 790 kilometers (491 miles) over northern Siberia Tuesday about noon Washington time," said Nicholas Johnson, NASA's chief scientist for orbital debris at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. "The U.S. space surveillance network detected a large number of debris from both objects." Air Force Brig. Gen. Michael Carey, deputy director of global operations with U.S. Strategic Command, the agency responsible for space surveillance, said initial radar tracking detected some 600 pieces of debris. He identified the Russian spacecraft as Cosmos 2251, a communications relay station launched in June 1993, and said the satellite is believed to have been non-operational for the past 10 years or so. "As of about 12 hours ago, I think the head count was up (to around) 600 pieces," Carey told CBS News late today. "It's going to take about two days before we get a solid picture of what the debris fields look like. But you, I think, can imply that the majority of that should be probably along the same line as the original orbits." He said U.S. STRATCOM routinely tracks about 18,000 objects in space, including satellites and debris, that are 3.9 inches across or larger. Tracking priority and "conjunction analysis" - identifying which objects may pose a threat to manned spacecraft - is the first priority. "It's going to take a while" to get an accurate count of the debris fragments, Johnson said. "It's very, very difficult to discriminate all those objects when they're really close together. And so, over the next couple of days, we'll have a much better understanding." Asked which satellite was at fault, Johnson said "they ran into each other. Nothing has the right of way up there. We don't have an air traffic controller in space. There is no universal way of knowing what's coming in your direction." Iridium Satellite LLC operates a constellation of some 66 satellites, along with orbital spares, to support satellite telephone operations around the world. The spacecraft, which weigh about 1,485 pounds when fully fueled, are in orbits tilted 86.4 degrees to the equator at an altitude of about 485 miles. Ninety-five Iridium satellites were launched between 1997 and 2002 and several have failed over the years. "Yesterday, Iridium Satellite LLC lost anÊ operational satellite," the company said in a statement. "According to information shared with the company by various U.S. government organizations that monitor satellites and other space objects (such as debris), it appears that the satellite loss is the result of a collision with a non-operational Russian satellite. "Although this event has minimal impact on IridiumÕs service, the company is taking immediate action to address the loss. The Iridium constellation is healthy, and this event is not the result of a failure on the part of Iridium or its technology. While this is an extremely unusual, very low-probability event, the Iridium constellation is uniquely designed to withstand such an event, and the company is taking the necessary steps to replace the lost satellite with one of its in-orbit spare satellites." Johnson said the collision was unprecedented. "Nothing to this extent (has happened before)," he said. "We've had three other accidental collisions between what we call catalog objects, but they were all much smaller than this and always a moderate sized objects and a very small object. And these are two relatively big objects. So this is a first, unfortunately." As for the threat posed by the debris, Johnson said NASA carried out an immediate analysis to determine whether the space station faced any increased risk. The station, carrying three crew members, circles the globe at an altitude of about 220 miles in an orbit tilted 51.6 degrees to the equator. "There are two issues: the immediate threat and a longer-term threat," he said. "It turns out, when you have a collision like this the debris is thrown very energetically both to higher orbits and to lower orbits. So there are actually debris from this event which we believe are going through the space station's altitude already. Most of it is not, most of it is still clustered up where the event took place. But a small number are going through station's altitude. "Yesterday, we did an assessment of what the risk might be to station and we found it's going to be very, very small. As time goes on, those debris will (come down) some over months, most over years and decades and as the big ones come down they'll be tracked, we'll see them and the worst-case scenario, we'll just dodge them if we have to. It's the small things you can't see are the ones that can do you harm." Asked if other satellites might be at risk, Johnson said "technically, yes. What we're doing now is trying to quantify that risk. That's a work in progress. It's only been 24 hours. We put first things first, which is station and preparing for the next shuttle mission." Most, if not all, of the debris is expected to eventually burn up in Earth's atmosphere. 9:40 PM, 1/13/09, Update: Space.com reports Gration to replace Griffin as NASA administrator Space.com reports that President-elect Barack Obama plans to name retired Air Force Maj. Gen. Scott Gration, a decorated fighter pilot, as the next administrator of NASA, replacing Mike Griffin at the helm of the U.S. space agency. The web site reports an announcement "is expected as soon as Wednesday." Speculation about who might replace Griffin has dominated space news in recent weeks, with former shuttle commander Charles Bolden and Charles Kennel, chairman of the National Academy of Science's Space Studies Board, mentioned as possible candidates. Gration is a virtual unknown in the space community, but not to Obama. According to Newsweek magazine, Gration accompanied Obama on a tour of Africa and stumped for the presidential candidate during the campaign. His Air Force biography states he retired from active duty on Oct. 1, 2006. As Director of Strategy, Plans and Policy with U.S. European Command, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany, Gration was "responsible for formulation and staff direction of the execution of basic military and political policy, as well as planning for command activities involving relations with other U.S. Unified Commands, allied military and international military organizations and subordinate commands." He also served as director of Capabilities and Assessments and was "responsible for the development of force structure requirements; conducting studies, analyses and assessments; and for evaluating military forces, plans, programs and strategies," the Air Force web bio said. "The general was raised in Africa and entered the Air Force in 1974 through the Air Force ROTC program at Rutgers University. He has previously served as a White House Fellow, operations group commander and two-time wing commander. Prior to assuming his current position, the general served as Assistant Deputy Undersecretary of the Air Force for International Affairs, Office of the Under Secretary of the Air Force, Headquarters U.S. Air Force. "General Gration is a command pilot with more than 5,000 flight hours, including more than 2,000 hours as an instructor pilot. He has extensive combat experience in the Middle East and served as the Commander of Task Force West during Operation Iraqi Freedom. General Gration's aerial combat experience includes 274 combat missions over Iraq, with 983 hours of combat time." A NASA spokesman reached late Tuesday said he did not know whether Gration was, in fact, a candidate to replace Griffin. 11:57 AM, 1/9/09, Update: Griffin awaits word from Obama administration NASA Administrator Mike Griffin, answering questions from Johnson Space Center workers during an all-hands meeting today, said he has not yet heard from the incoming Obama administration about whether - or when - he will be replaced as the agency's leader. But he made it clear he does not expect to be asked to stay on and barring words to the contrary from the new administration, Griffin will be out of a job Jan. 20. "I think we all are aware we have a political transition almost upon us, and the odds are in a couple of weeks I won't be in this position," Griffin told a packed auditorium. "We don't know yet, and I certainly don't want to make presumptions about what the president elect will do. But those are the realities." Asked what insights he could share from encounters with Obama's transition team, Griffin said there was not much to tell. "If I knew, it would probably be inappropriate for me to share, but I can't because I don't know," he said. "I had a couple of very brief sessions with the NASA transition team and that was it. There just wasn't any discussion of goals and priorities. So I really, honestly don't know any more than you know."