NEW YORK, Dec. 25, 2007
The Mystery Of Christmas
48 Hours Goes To The Holy Land To Explore The Nativity
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A Roman Catholic nun sites inside The Grotto, believed by many Christians to be the birthplace of Jesus (AP)
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It’s one of the most powerful and beautiful stories in all of Western culture: the son of God, born of a virgin in a manger in Bethlehem, his coming announced by angels, celebrated by shepherds and wise men.
But is what the Bible tells us about the birth of Jesus really true? Where was Jesus born? When? How? And why? As the Christmas carol asks, “What child is this?”
48 Hours correspondent Maureen Maher explores these questions with curiosity and with respect.
Hard facts about Christmas are hard to come by, since the birth of Jesus was not a well-covered news event. To get any kind of glimpse into what really happened, one has to travel back to the first century and into the world of Jesus.
The troubled lands of Israel and the West Bank are saturated with pilgrimage sites where, at least according to legend, the events of the Christmas story occurred.
Nowhere does the story seem more concretely real than inside the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.
A small staircase leads down to the grotto where it is claimed that Jesus was born.
As much as we know anything, we know from multiple historical documents that Jesus was a real person who really died on a cross. But the mystery of his birth is much harder to solve.
The monuments to Christmas were built hundreds of years after the fact, and there are no contemporary documents such as birth records to delve into.
“We would like there to be records of all of this. And instead, what we have is Gospels,” says John Dominic Crossan, a former Roman Catholic monk and a professor emeritus at DePaul University.
Crossan has spent a lifetime studying the four separate texts of the New Testament that recount the life of Jesus - the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. On the subject of Christ’s birth, Crossan says, their stories are very difficult to harmonize.
“The interesting thing is, of the four gospels, Mark and John of course have no nativity story. Only Matthew and Luke,” he explains. “They agree that Mary and Joseph are the parents. They agree about a virgin birth. They agree about a birth in Bethlehem. But pretty much apart from that, the stories go completely their own way.”
The shepherds, for instance, appear only in Luke, while the magi are only in Matthew.
“When you start looking at them and realize that you can't make the way you heard it come out the same way, you have to ask, ‘Wait a minute, what's going on here?’” says Michael White, a New Testament scholar at the University of Texas. Unlike fundamentalist Christians, White concludes that the Gospels include plenty of creative writing.
“The Gospels themselves were not really intended to be the kind of newspaper-like reporting of day-to-day events that we tend to assume,” says White.
He says that’s because the Gospels aren’t just recording facts. They are making a case to convince people that Jesus was divine.
How would White suggest people read the Gospels? “To read them as religiously-motivated stories,” he says.
“They are not writing history. They are trying to tell you the meaning of history. So to do that, they have to take historical events, of course. But they will adapt them. They will change them. They will create,” says Crossan.
And most scholars agree that each Gospel author tailored his argument to fit his target audience.
“If they had a complete videotape of everything Jesus did and said, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John would still say, ‘Well, no, I'm going to adapt that for my community,’” Crossan says, with a laugh.
The Gospel of Matthew, for instance, was written for newly-converted Jews.
“It's a message that gets involved in the whole sense of Jewish identity and the role of Jesus as the Messiah,” says White.
“Matthew is in there, saying in effect, ‘It's the Christian way that is the future for Judaism,’” says Crossan.
The implications for the accuracy of the Christmas story are profound.
“It becomes pretty clear, I think, that Matthew is creating a lot of the story,” says White.
Where was Jesus really born? Matthew says in Bethlehem, which is, coincidentally, the home of the great Jewish King David and the place where the Jews had always expected their messiah to come from.
“It is the natural way to link Jesus into the lineage of David,” says White.
Some scholars argue that it all seems to fit too well.
“Born in Bethlehem is a clue that we are making the claim that this child is the Messiah,” says Crossan. “But nobody else seems to know anything about it in the New Testament…. It doesn't seem, for example, that John, in John's gospel, has any idea that Jesus was born in Bethlehem.”
But if Jesus was not born in Bethlehem, then where? Crossan and White believe the name says it all: Jesus of Nazareth.
“It's probably the case he was born in Nazareth,” says White. “He's called ‘Jesus of Nazareth.’ And that would've been the norm, that is, wherever you're born is the namesake that you will carry with you.”
Instead of a manger, the actual birthplace might have been within a house. “The houses that we have excavated at Nazareth are very often very small, tiny houses, many of them backing into a cliff which has a cave in it,” says Crossan.
But we don’t know exactly where that house might have stood. While most of the ancient village has been excavated, part of it remains buried under what is now the bustling present-day town of Nazareth.
It may be hard to grasp, but there’s a real possibility that Jesus was actually born on a plot of ground now used as a market place, unmarked by a church or even a monument.
But if Matthew concocted the Bethlehem birthplace to inspire his Jewish audience, what else did he make up? White suspects other episodes were inspired by another Jewish hero.
“There's this constant undercurrent in Matthew to Moses stories and Exodus stories, and aspects of the life of Moses,” says White.
For example, Matthew writes that Herod, the power-mad king of the Jews, ordered the slaughter of all the young boys in Bethlehem, and Jesus, Mary, and Joseph fled to Egypt.
“So, now Matthew is saying to himself, ‘Jesus is the new Moses. Aha, I know what I'll do. When Moses was born, Pharaoh tried to kill him, and kill all the young men. I will say the same of Herod,' ” says Crossan.
In a cave underneath the Church of the Nativity lie the skulls of Herod’s alleged victims. To some they look too big to be those of children.
“We have no historical evidence that such a massive slaughter or any kind of event like that ever occurred,” says White. He adds that there is no historical evidence he is aware of that the holy family fled to Egypt.
But if Matthew took liberties with the truth, what about Luke?
“The birth narrative in Luke is far more miraculous at every turn. More spectacular,” says White.
And how did people who first heard the Christmas story respond to its most important miracle, the virgin birth?
© MMVII, CBS Worldwide Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Was watching "The Mystery of Christmas" tonight on KOLR-10, Springfield, MO.
It was interesting for the most part UNTIL later in the program, a segment where a Christian debunker visits the Holy Lands.
He and the female host of the show were walking with a "local archeologist".
They ask him about proof of shepherds and sheep being in a certain location....
He reaches under a large rock and pulls out an animal skull.
The host asks the "archeologist" what it was, and he said it is a SHEEP.
Unless sheep in the Holy Land have pointed canine teeth, it looked amazingly like a medium-sized dog skull similar to a collie.
Perhaps the "archeologist" sjould have taken the biology studies a little more seriously.
Or, maybe he actually belives that the furry, barking animals are sheep.
The Mystery of Christmas was more than well done, and she I believe is the reason, hopefully she keeps up the good work without having any head swelling.
There is still hope, Thank you Maureen.
Sincerely,
George Merritt
Instead, the Biblical accounts of birth of Jesus Christ were picked apart and anything that could not be proved was considered suspect. How would one prove the historic accuracy of any other accounts from the same time period?
We certainly cannot use the same standards used to investigate recent events when investigating events 2000+ years ago. Recent events have a much larger body of evidence with which to work. Instead, the standards used to investigate other events occurring 2000 years ago must be used.
I don''t see how the authenticity of the Biblical accounts of the birth of Christ can be considered without delving into the authenticity of the Bible as a whole. Also, a one hour news show is inadequate to cover such a complex subject.
Why dig up the gospel of Phillip, written in the 3rd century??? The Gospel of Luke was written by a brilliant physician, and for a medical doctor to emphasize a virgin birth is substantial. The Gospel according to Matthew was based on Apostolic witnesses. Apostles of Jesus Christ or John Dominic Crossan...a no brainer who to believe.
I appreciate the attempt to bring Ben Witherington to prove the historical veracity of the gospels, but too little to late.
The kids seem to make the most sense...simple faith based on 2,000 years of tradition. Why does CBS have to make it so complicated!
Once again, journalism of this caliber doesn''t surprise me at all...its just one more example of the attack on culture and beliefs from the so-called "intellectual" elite. I don''t know if I''d even call this article intellectual since its been done so many times before by Time and Newsweek.
The principles taught by Jesus in the New Testament are still the best way I''ve found to live my life while on this earth. Debug it all you want to.
There is every purpose in this world for scholars, scientists, and sages. A little myth never hurt anybody.
God bless you one and ALL!
psy_war is also right. We Christians need to calm down. Debates in this forum rarely get read by such impressionable nonbelievers as only the impassioned from opposite sides that find their way to these sites to do battle.
Just like in the days of JESUS, you have believers and non believers. As you read these comments by people, it seems to kinda be repeating itself, don''t you think? There will come a day when all questions shall be answered..I pray that we are all happy with the answer../. As for stabbing at Islam and other religions, I really don''t care to even here about any more of it. The Muslims are proving their beliefs everyday. Remember, any publisity is good publisity. God Bless..
Next time please do a more thorough job of actual investigative journalism.
Signed,
A concerned viewer.
Next time please do a more thorough job of actual investigative journalism.
Signed,
A concerned viewer.
Next time please do a more thorough job of actual investigative journalism.
Signed,
A concerned viewer.
Next time please do a more thorough job of actual investigative journalism and then truth will then speak for itself.
Signed,
A concerned viewer.
Next time please do a more thorough job of actual investigative journalism and then truth will speak for itself.
Signed,
A concerned viewer.
Next time please do a more thorough job of actual investigative journalism and then truth will speak for itself.
Signed,
A concerned viewer.
God Bless and Merry Christmas,
xpagan
Because x-mas just might be make believe?
No story from the bible can be untrue?
Here are two.
Moses
Exodus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus
Humm makes you think?
Because x-mas just might be make believe?
No story from the bible can be untrue?
Here are two.
Moses
Exodus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus
Humm makes you think?
Miss TV Reporter and those noted scholars forgot about this - It was prophesied some 500 years earlier that the Christ would be born in Bethlehem.
Mat 2:5 And they said to him, In Bethlehem of Judea. For so it is written by the prophet,
Mat 2:6 "And you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are not the least among the governors of Judah. For out of you shall come a Governor who shall rule My people Israel."
Shall we talk about the 100 other prophesizes of the Christ?
CBS is a joke if it considers itself a reliable source of information. Its not.
Signed-
One Less CBS Viewer
I can honestly say from my contacts that no single church, including the Catholic Church, has the subject down pat. The information age (Internet) has allowed the vast sharing of information which is contrarian to the inculcated, indoctrinated responses most people have grown up with. I have yet to find any real continuity even among Catholic priests on their interpretations.
This special has given me one idea. John Dominic Crossan''s current address is one mile north of my parents, west of Orlando. He would certainly be an interesting person to look up.
Before I close, I wanted to wish Maureen Maher a belated Happy Birthday.
Lordy, lordy, now ALL 48 Hours correspondents have indeed, officially, turned...40!!!
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by gwhoward1
December 28, 2007 12:49 PM PST
- For Loree Phillips'' report of 12/25/07@ 11:19pm. I agree with your overall setiment regarding the Bible and it''s authenticity being of utmost importance. I would just like you to clear a slight error in your thnking. The John who is the son of Elizabeth is John the baptist, not the apostle John. The apostle''s writings of John the baptist, knowing Jesus to be the sinless Lamb of God, would certainly bring a sensible understanding that he knew everything pretaining to this revelation.
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