Cloning of woolly mammoths no longer sci-fi

Woolly mammoths vanished from Siberia about 10,000 years ago. Now scientists say they are going to try to clone the extinct beast using material extracted from a thigh bone / Stephan Schuster lab, Penn State

Woolly mammoths — shaggy, long-extinct relatives of modern elephants — could be easier to clone than one might think, researchers say.

Still, even if any such efforts succeed, they might take decades to accomplish, not the five years in which scientists from Russia and Japan reportedly have said they can achieve it.

Woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) wandered the planet for more than a million years, ranging from Europe to Asia to North America. Nearly all of these giants vanished from Siberia by about 10,000 years ago, although dwarf mammoths survived on Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until 3,700 years ago.

Scientists regularly conduct research on the DNA of these shaggy giants, extracting it from tusks, bone and teeth. With all this genetic material on hand, there lies the distinct possibility mammoths might be cloned one day.

"Recreating extinct organisms is definitely within reason," researcher Hendrik Poinar, an evolutionary geneticist at McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada, told LiveScience. "It will be possible."

Still, it may take closer to 20 to 50 years, if at all, Poinar noted.

Resurrecting extinct animals

Extinct animals have been resurrected by cloning before, albeit briefly. Scientists in Spain had cloned a Pyrenean ibex (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica), a subspecies of wild goat also known as the bucardo, which went extinct in 2000.

The last bucardo died after she was struck on the head by a falling branch. However, researchers managed to take DNA from skin samples taken from this female goat beforehand, which they injected into domestic goat eggs emptied of their original genetic material to create viable embryos.

This bucardo clone died soon after birth due to lung defects, dooming the goat to a second extinction. Abnormalities are common in cloning — developmental errors might creep in during the massive chemical reprogramming the DNA has to undergo to revert it to an embryonic state, or during the cultivation or handling of the embryos. Also, if the environment in which an embryo develops is not a close match to what it should be, problems can occur during pregnancy.

Genes from extinct animals are occasionally revived in live animals as well — for instance, genetic material extracted from the extinct Tasmanian tiger proved functional in mice.

Woolly mammoth clones

So what of the woolly mammoth? There may be enough DNA to clone the animal, since plenty of woolly mammoth bodies have been discovered over the years, some of which still have frozen meat on their bones. The woolly mammoth also went extinct relatively recently, which holds out the possibility that some material is pristine enough for cloning. Genetic material from fossil dinosaurs, on the other hand, is likely far too old and damaged for successful cloning of the extinct reptiles. [Can We Make Jurassic Park Yet?]

So are there surrogate mothers close enough to woolly mammoths to birth any clones?

"We know African and Asian elephants can interbreed, and they're separated by 5 million to 6 million years," Poinar said. "Asian elephants are actually closer to mammoths than they are to African elephants — mammoths split from Asian elephants after Asian elephants split from African elephants — so if living elephants can interbreed, perhaps an Asian elephant can host a mammoth embryo."

In fact, news reports suggest the Japanese and Russian scientists say they plan to extract a nucleus from the bone marrow of a woolly-mammoth thigh bone, though others have warned the marrow cells are likely not intact. Then, the researchers have said they will insert that nucleus into the egg of a modern elephant.

Still, there are many technical hurdles to any such cloning.

"If — and only if — they find intact cells, they might be lucky at five to 10 years," Poinar said. "But I highly doubt they will find intact cells."

Instead, any efforts to resurrect mammoths will likely involve weaving bits and pieces of DNA into artificial chromosomes. (Each of the body's chromosomes, held in the nucleus of animal and plant cells, contains an extremely long molecule of DNA.)

"Elephants have 50 to 60 chromosomes, far more than us, so replicating all of those will be challenging," Poinar said. "There you are looking 20 to 50 years, I would say."

There are also ethical concerns. Even if scientists do successfully clone mammoths, it does not mean they have resurrected a viable species — if the population is small, then such a small genetic pool could be very susceptible to disease and other environmental factors.

"There is no good scientific reason to bring back an extinct species," Poinar said. "Why would one bring them back? To put them in a theme park? Doesn't seem like a good use of taxpayer dollars to me. Simply studying their evolution, which can be done from old fossil bones, seems far more satisfying to me — but that's just me."

"Someone is going to do this eventually, ethics or no," Poinar said. "And it might be expensive to try and clone mammoths, but how many people would visit the zoo to see one?"

25 Amazing Ancient Beasts
Rumor or Reality: The Creatures of Cryptozoology
Album: The World's Biggest Beasts

[mcdanel_1771]

As excited as I would be to see extinct animals, I have a nagging sense that if we could clone animals back from extinction, we would become even more cavalier in our treatment of existing species. Biggest issue I see in the practical sense, would be bringing back an animal whose ecosystem no longer exists. TripleV and DSL above are right, it would be easier, and far more appropriate, to resurrect the species we ourselves have recently driven to extinction.

[chipworthington]

Yay Woolly Mammoth.

I wish we could use all that money for the vigorous protection of our endangered species.

[MAStudent2013]

Taxpayer dollars. Let's talk about taxpayer dollars. No, lets talk about politics. No, let's talk about your city, in your state, in your country. In your lifetime, are you expecting something "big" to positively effect you through taxpayer dollars? I would hope so? Are the political figures in your town and major cities working incredibly hard to fund your educational programs, keep your streets looking nice, and making sure criminals are off the streets? If this wasn't taking place, your town wouldn't exist and you wouldn't be living there. I've got news for you. As long as you have the basics that taxpayer dollars are supposed to be paying for, consider yourself lucky. There is a ton of money being spent that is probably being used on less beneficial things. Look how much this country is in debt? Was that the result of responsible spending? Of course not. Republican or Democrat, someone in office shouldn't have made the choices they made. My point? Clone the woolly mammoth. Basic science is slowly become a "nice idea" instead of reality for students everywhere. Departments are actually being eliminated from some colleges. Unless you are strongly sitting by your mailboxes and television sets waiting for something huge to happen with your taxpayer dollars, I wouldn't hold your breath. This could be an amazing discovery for scientists which would give them new information, new studies, new educational tools, and might bridge gaps in history. Sure, we can learn things from bones. But we can learn more from a live animal. Not to mention, animals were here before we were, and without them, humans wouldn't even exist. Don't we owe it to their species? What if woolly mammoth blood holds the cure for cancer? Nothing can be proven as of now that it doesn't? I understand your concern for tax dollars, and I see how your mind works in seeing how much money it would cost to fund this experiment. But, look at NASA. A dieing experiment. AND they have already cloned a sheep, ethics? Really? cloning a woolly mammoth? Calm down people. Everything will be OK. Relax.

[annacari8]

I agree with venus, that would be more valuble to this time period and ecosistem rather then bringing back to life something that doesn't have a perpose but a fascination to a few.

[dslovejoy]

Why not easier and more recent extinctions such as the Dodo or the Tazmanian Wolf?
It's exciting to think of a wooly mammoth running wild again in Russia and it will draw a lot of money into further research, but at least with the Dodo, you could have a multiple birth and present them all over the world.

[venusvegasvada]

Perhaps they can start with some more recent animals that are now extinct?